/*
 * Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
 *
 * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
 * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
 * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
 * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
 * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
 * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
 * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
 *
 * Please obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
 *
 * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
 * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
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 */

#ifndef _KERN_SMR_H_
#define _KERN_SMR_H_

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <machine/trap.h>
#include <kern/assert.h>
#include <kern/debug.h>
#include <kern/smr_types.h>
#include <os/atomic_private.h>
#if XNU_KERNEL_PRIVATE
#include <kern/startup.h>
#endif

__BEGIN_DECLS

#pragma mark SMR pointers

/*
 * SMR Accessors are meant to provide safe access to SMR protected
 * pointers and prevent misuse and accidental access.
 *
 * Accessors are grouped by type:
 * entered      - Use while in a read section (between smr_enter/smr_leave())
 * serialized   - Use while holding a lock that serializes writers.
 *                Updates are synchronized with readers via included barriers.
 * unserialized - Use after the memory is out of scope and not visible to
 *                readers.
 *
 * All acceses include a parameter for an assert to verify the required
 * synchronization.
 */


/*!
 * @macro smr_unsafe_load()
 *
 * @brief
 * Read from an SMR protected pointer without any synchronization.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This returns an integer on purpose as dereference is generally unsafe.
 */
#define smr_unsafe_load(ptr) \
	({ (uintptr_t)((ptr)->__smr_ptr); })

/*!
 * @macro smr_entered_load()
 *
 * @brief
 * Read from an SMR protected pointer while in a read section.
 */
#define smr_entered_load(ptr) \
	({ (ptr)->__smr_ptr; })

/*!
 * @macro smr_entered_load_assert()
 *
 * @brief
 * Read from an SMR protected pointer while in a read section.
 */
#define smr_entered_load_assert(ptr, smr)  ({ \
	assert(smr_entered(smr)); \
	(ptr)->__smr_ptr; \
})

/*!
 * @macro smr_entered_load_acquire()
 *
 * @brief
 * Read from an SMR protected pointer while in a read section (with acquire
 * fence).
 */
#define smr_entered_load_acquire(ptr) \
	os_atomic_load(&(ptr)->__smr_ptr, acquire)

/*!
 * @macro smr_entered_load_acquire_assert()
 *
 * @brief
 * Read from an SMR protected pointer while in a read section.
 */
#define smr_entered_load_acquire_assert(ptr, smr)  ({ \
	assert(smr_entered(smr)); \
	os_atomic_load(&(ptr)->__smr_ptr, acquire); \
})

/*!
 * @macro smr_serialized_load_assert()
 *
 * @brief
 * Read from an SMR protected pointer while serialized by an
 * external mechanism.
 */
#define smr_serialized_load_assert(ptr, held_cond)  ({ \
	assertf(held_cond, "smr_serialized_load: lock not held"); \
	(ptr)->__smr_ptr; \
})

/*!
 * @macro smr_serialized_load()
 *
 * @brief
 * Read from an SMR protected pointer while serialized by an
 * external mechanism.
 */
#define smr_serialized_load(ptr) \
	smr_serialized_load_assert(ptr, true)

/*!
 * @macro smr_init_store()
 *
 * @brief
 * Store @c value to an SMR protected pointer during initialization.
 */
#define smr_init_store(ptr, value) \
	({ (ptr)->__smr_ptr = value; })

/*!
 * @macro smr_clear_store()
 *
 * @brief
 * Clear (sets to 0) an SMR protected pointer (this is always "allowed" to do).
 */
#define smr_clear_store(ptr) \
	smr_init_store(ptr, 0)

/*!
 * @macro smr_serialized_store_assert()
 *
 * @brief
 * Store @c value to an SMR protected pointer while serialized by an
 * external mechanism.
 *
 * @discussion
 * Writers that are serialized with mutual exclusion or on a single
 * thread should use smr_serialized_store() rather than swap.
 */
#define smr_serialized_store_assert(ptr, value, held_cond)  ({ \
	assertf(held_cond, "smr_serialized_store: lock not held"); \
	os_atomic_thread_fence(release); \
	(ptr)->__smr_ptr = value; \
})

/*!
 * @macro smr_serialized_store()
 *
 * @brief
 * Store @c value to an SMR protected pointer while serialized by an
 * external mechanism.
 *
 * @discussion
 * Writers that are serialized with mutual exclusion or on a single
 * thread should use smr_serialized_store() rather than swap.
 */
#define smr_serialized_store(ptr, value) \
	smr_serialized_store_assert(ptr, value, true)

/*!
 * @macro smr_serialized_store_relaxed_assert()
 *
 * @brief
 * Store @c value to an SMR protected pointer while serialized by an
 * external mechanism.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This function can be used when storing a value that was already
 * previously stored with smr_serialized_store() (for example during
 * a linked list removal).
 */
#define smr_serialized_store_relaxed_assert(ptr, value, held_cond)  ({ \
	assertf(held_cond, "smr_serialized_store_relaxed: lock not held"); \
	(ptr)->__smr_ptr = value; \
})

/*!
 * @macro smr_serialized_store_relaxed()
 *
 * @brief
 * Store @c value to an SMR protected pointer while serialized by an
 * external mechanism.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This function can be used when storing a value that was already
 * previously stored with smr_serialized_store() (for example during
 * a linked list removal).
 */
#define smr_serialized_store_relaxed(ptr, value) \
	smr_serialized_store_relaxed_assert(ptr, value, true)

/*!
 * @macro smr_serialized_swap_assert()
 *
 * @brief
 * Swap @c value with an SMR protected pointer and return the old value
 * while serialized by an external mechanism.
 *
 * @discussion
 * Swap permits multiple writers to update a pointer concurrently.
 */
#define smr_serialized_swap_assert(ptr, value, held_cond)  ({ \
	assertf(held_cond, "smr_serialized_store: lock not held"); \
	os_atomic_xchg(&(ptr)->__smr_ptr, value, release); \
})

/*!
 * @macro smr_serialized_swap()
 *
 * @brief
 * Swap @c value with an SMR protected pointer and return the old value
 * while serialized by an external mechanism.
 *
 * @discussion
 * Swap permits multiple writers to update a pointer concurrently.
 */
#define smr_serialized_swap(ptr, value) \
	smr_serialized_swap_assert(ptr, value, true)

/*!
 * @macro smr_unserialized_load()
 *
 * @brief.
 * Read from an SMR protected pointer when no serialization is required
 * such as in the destructor callback or when the caller guarantees other
 * synchronization.
 */
#define smr_unserialized_load(ptr) \
	({ (ptr)->__smr_ptr; })

/*!
 * @macro smr_unserialized_store()
 *
 * @brief.
 * Store to an SMR protected pointer when no serialiation is required
 * such as in the destructor callback or when the caller guarantees other
 * synchronization.
 */
#define smr_unserialized_store(ptr, value) \
	({ (ptr)->__smr_ptr = value; })


#pragma mark SMR queues

/*
 * SMR queues are queues that are meant to be read under SMR critical sections
 * concurrently with possible updates to the queue.
 *
 * /!\ Such read operations CAN ONLY BE PERFORMED IN FORWARD DIRECTION. /!\
 *
 * Queues can be either:
 * - lists where the head is a single pointer,
 *   and insertions can only be at the head;
 * - tail queues where the head is two pointers,
 *   and insertions can be either at the head or the tail.
 *
 * Queue linkages can either be single forward pointer linkages or double
 * forward/backward linkages. The latter supports O(1) deletion.
 *
 *
 * The entire API surface uses type inference for the implementations,
 * which allows to relatively easily change between the 4 types of queues
 * with very minimal API changes (mostly the types of list heads and fields).
 */


/*!
 * @macro smrq_init
 *
 * @brief
 * Initializes an SMR queue head.
 */
#define smrq_init(head)  ({ \
	__auto_type __head = (head);                                            \
                                                                                \
	smr_init_store(&__head->first, NULL);                                   \
	if (__smrq_lastp(__head)) {                                             \
	    *__smrq_lastp(__head) = &__head->first;                             \
	}                                                                       \
})


/*!
 * @macro smrq_empty
 *
 * @brief
 * Returns whether an SMR queue is empty, can be called from any context.
 */
#define smrq_empty(head) \
	(smr_unsafe_load(&(head)->first) == 0)


/*!
 * @macro smrq_entered_first
 *
 * @brief
 * Returns the first element of an SMR queue, while in a read section.
 */
#define smrq_entered_first(head, type_t, field) \
	__container_of_safe(smr_entered_load(&(head)->first), type_t, field)


/*!
 * @macro smrq_entered_next
 *
 * @brief
 * Returns the next element of an SMR queue element, while in a read section.
 */
#define smrq_entered_next(elem, field) \
	__container_of_safe(smr_entered_load(&(elem)->field.next), \
	    typeof(*(elem)), field)


/*!
 * @macro smrq_entered_foreach
 *
 * @brief
 * Enumerates an SMR queue, while in a read section.
 */
#define smrq_entered_foreach(it, head, field) \
	for (__auto_type __it = smr_entered_load(&(head)->first);               \
	    ((it) = __container_of_safe(__it, typeof(*(it)), field));           \
	    __it = smr_entered_load(&__it->next))


/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_first
 *
 * @brief
 * Returns the first element of an SMR queue, while being serialized
 * by an external mechanism.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_first(head, type_t, link) \
	__container_of_safe(smr_serialized_load(&(head)->first), type_t, link)

/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_next
 *
 * @brief
 * Returns the next element of an SMR queue element, while being serialized
 * by an external mechanism.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_next(elem, field) \
	__container_of_safe(smr_serialized_load(&(elem)->field.next), \
	    typeof(*(elem)), field)

/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_foreach
 *
 * @brief
 * Enumerates an SMR queue, while being serialized
 * by an external mechanism.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_foreach(it, head, field) \
	for (__auto_type __it = smr_serialized_load(&(head)->first);            \
	    ((it) = __container_of_safe(__it, typeof(*(it)), field));           \
	    __it = smr_serialized_load(&__it->next))

/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_foreach_safe
 *
 * @brief
 * Enumerates an SMR queue, while being serialized
 * by an external mechanism.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This variant supports removing the current element from the queue.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_foreach_safe(it, head, field) \
	for (__auto_type __it = smr_serialized_load(&(head)->first),            \
	    __next_it = __it;                                                   \
	    ((it) = __container_of_safe(__it, typeof(*(it)), field)) &&         \
	    ((__next_it = smr_serialized_load(&__it->next)), 1);                \
	    __it = __next_it)


/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_insert_head
 *
 * @brief
 * Inserts an element at the head of an SMR queue, while being serialized
 * by an external mechanism.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_insert_head(head, elem)  ({ \
	__auto_type __head = (head);                                            \
                                                                                \
	__smrq_serialized_insert(&__head->first, (elem),                        \
	   smr_serialized_load(&__head->first), __smrq_lastp(__head));          \
})


/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_insert_tail
 *
 * @brief
 * Inserts an element at the tail of an SMR queue, while being serialized
 * by an external mechanism.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_insert_tail(head, elem)  ({ \
	__auto_type __head = (head);                                            \
                                                                                \
	__smrq_serialized_insert(__head->last, (elem),                          \
	   NULL, &__head->last);                                                \
})


/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_insert_head_relaxed
 *
 * @brief
 * Inserts an element at the head of an SMR queue, while being serialized
 * by an external mechanism, without any barrier.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_insert_head_relaxed(head, elem)  ({ \
	__auto_type __head = (head);                                            \
                                                                                \
	__smrq_serialized_insert_relaxed(&__head->first, (elem),                \
	   smr_serialized_load(&__head->first), __smrq_lastp(__head));          \
})


/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_insert_tail_relaxed
 *
 * @brief
 * Inserts an element at the tail of an SMR queue, while being serialized
 * by an external mechanism, without any barrier.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_insert_tail_relaxed(head, elem)  ({ \
	__auto_type __head = (head);                                            \
                                                                                \
	__smrq_serialized_insert_relaxed(__head->last, (elem),                  \
	   NULL, &__head->last);                                                \
})


/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_remove
 *
 * @brief
 * Removes an element from an SMR queue, while being serialized
 * by an external mechanism.
 *
 * @discussion
 * The @c head argument is actually unused for the @c smrq_list queue type.
 * It is still advised to pass it, the compiler should be able to optimize
 * the code away as computing a list head ought to have no side effects.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_remove(head, elem)  ({ \
	__auto_type __head = (head);                                            \
                                                                                \
	__smrq_serialized_remove(&__head->first, (elem), __smrq_lastp(__head)); \
})


/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_replace
 *
 * @brief
 * Replaces an element on an SMR queue with another at the same spot,
 * while being serialized by an external mechanism.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_replace(head, old_elem, new_elem)  ({ \
	__auto_type __head = (head);                                            \
                                                                                \
	__smrq_serialized_replace(&__head->first,                               \
	    (old_elem), (new_elem), __smrq_lastp(__head));                      \
})


/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_iter
 *
 * @brief
 * Enumerates an SMR singly linked queue, while being serialized
 * by an external mechanism.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This is for manual loops that typically perform erasures.
 *
 * The body of the loop must move the cursor using (once):
 * - smrq_serialized_iter_next() to to go the next element,
 * - smrq_serialized_iter_erase() to erase the current element.
 *
 * The iterator variable will _not_ be updated until the next
 * loop iteration.
 *
 * This form is preferred to smrq_serialized_foreach_safe()
 * for singly linked lists as smrq_serialized_iter_erase()
 * is O(1) as opposed to smrq_serialized_remove().
 */
#define smrq_serialized_iter(it, head, field) \
	for (__smrq_slink_t *__prev_##it = &(head)->first,                      \
	    *__chk_##it = __prev_##it;                                          \
	    ((it) = __container_of_safe(smr_serialized_load(__prev_##it),       \
	    typeof(*(it)), field));                                             \
	    assert(__chk_##it), __chk_##it = __prev_##it)

/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_iter_next
 *
 * @brief
 * Goes to the next element inside an smrq_serialied_iter() loop.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_iter_next(it, field)  ({ \
	assert(__chk_##it == __prev_##it);                                      \
	__chk_##it = NULL;                                                      \
	__prev_##it = &(it)->field.next;                                        \
})

/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_iter_erase
 *
 * @brief
 * Erases the element pointed at by the cursor.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_iter_erase(it, field)  ({ \
	assert(__chk_##it == __prev_##it);                                      \
	__chk_##it = NULL;                                                      \
	__smrq_serialized_remove_one(__prev_##it, &(it)->field, NULL);          \
})


/*!
 * @macro smrq_serialized_append
 *
 * @brief
 * Appends a given list at the end of the previous one.
 *
 * @discussion
 * /!\ WARNING /!\: this doesn't "move" the "source" queue like *_CONCAT
 * for <sys/queue.h>, as it is useful to merge/split hash queues concurrently
 * with readers while allowing readers to still read via the "source" queue.
 *
 * However, the "source" queue needs to be reset to a valid state
 * if it is to be used again.
 */
#define smrq_serialized_append(dst, src)  ({ \
	__auto_type __src = (src);                                              \
	__auto_type __dst = (dst);                                              \
                                                                                \
	__smrq_serialized_append(&__dst->first, __smrq_lastp(__dst),            \
	    &__src->first, __smrq_lastp(__src));                                \
})


#pragma mark SMR domains

/*!
 * @enum smr_flags_t
 *
 * @brief
 * Options to pass to smr_domain_create()
 *
 * @const SMR_NONE
 * Default values for the flags.
 #if XNU_KERNEL_PRIVATE
 *
 * @const SMR_SLEEPABLE
 * Create a sleepable SMR domain.
 #endif
 */
__options_closed_decl(smr_flags_t, unsigned long, {
	SMR_NONE              = 0x00000000,
#if XNU_KERNEL_PRIVATE
	SMR_SLEEPABLE         = 0x00000001,
#endif
});

/*!
 * @function smr_domain_create()
 *
 * @brief
 * Create an SMR domain.
 *
 * @discussion
 * Be mindful when creating SMR domains, and consider carefully
 * whether to add one or consolidate an existing one.
 *
 *
 * Memory usage
 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 *
 * SMR domains are fairly large structures that scale with the number
 * of cores of the machine. They are meant to be use in a coarse grained
 * manner.
 *
 * In addition to that, when @c smr_call() is used with the domain,
 * the queues of callbacks are drained based on memory pressure within
 * the domain. The more domains, the more dormant memory might exist.
 *
 * In general, memory considerations drive toward less domains.
 *
 *
 * Scalability
 * ~~~~~~~~~~~
 *
 * An SMR domain is built on top of an atomic state that is used
 * to perform grace period detection. The more "write" activity
 * there is on the domain (@c smr_call(), @c smr_advance(), etc...),
 * the more this atomic might become contended. In particular,
 * certain usage patterns might scale extremely well independently,
 * but cause higher contention when sharing a domain.
 *
 * Another thing to consider is that when @c smr_call() is being used,
 * if the callbacks act on vastly different data structures, then as
 * the callbacks are being drained, cache misses will be higher.
 *
 * However, the more domains are in use, the more probable it is
 * that using it will cause a cache miss.
 *
 * Generally, scalability considerations drive toward balanced
 * coarse-grained domains.
 *
 *
 * Invariants
 * ~~~~~~~~~~
 *
 * The last aspect leading to the decision of creating versus reusing
 * an SMR domain is about the invariants that these domains protect.
 *
 * Object graphs that are protected with SMR and are used together
 * in many workloads will likely require to share an SMR domain
 * in order to provide the required guarantees. Having @c smr_call()
 * callbacks in a given domain cause downstream @c smr_call() into
 * another different domain regularly is probably a sign that these
 * domains should be shared.
 *
 * Another aspect to consider is that using @c smr_synchronize()
 * or @c smr_barrier() can lead to two classes of problems:
 *
 * - these operations are extremely heavy, and if some subsystem needs to
 *    perform them on several domains, performance will be disappointing.
 *
 * - these operations are akin to taking a "write lock" on the domain,
 *   and as such can cause deadlocks when used improperly.
 *   Using a coarser grained unique domain is a good way to simplify
 *   reasoning about the locking dependencies between SMR domains
 *   and other regular locks.
 *
 *
 * Guidance
 * ~~~~~~~~
 *
 * In general, the entire kernel should have relatively few SMR domains,
 * at the scale of the big subsystems of the kernel (think: Mach IPC, Mach VM,
 * VFS, Networking, ...).
 *
 * When write operations (@c smr_call(), @c smr_synchronize, ...) are used
 * rarely, consider using the system wide default domains.
 */
extern smr_t smr_domain_create(smr_flags_t flags, const char *name);

/*!
 * @function smr_domain_free()
 *
 * @brief
 * Destroys an SMR domain previously create with @c smr_domain_create().
 */
extern void smr_domain_free(smr_t smr);


/*!
 * @function smr_entered()
 *
 * @brief
 * Returns whether an SMR critical section is entered.
 */
extern bool smr_entered(smr_t smr) __result_use_check;

/*!
 * @function smr_enter()
 *
 * @brief
 * Enter a non preemptible SMR critical section.
 *
 * @discussion
 * Entering an SMR critical section is non reentrant.
 * (entering it recursively is undefined and will panic on development kernels)
 *
 * @c smr_leave() must be called to end this section.
 *
 * This function can'be be used in interrupt context.
 */
extern void smr_enter(smr_t smr);

/*!
 * @function smr_leave()
 *
 * @brief
 * Leave a non preemptible SMR critical section.
 */
extern void smr_leave(smr_t smr);


/*!
 * @function smr_call()
 *
 * @brief
 * Defer making a call until it is safe to assume all readers
 * will observe any update prior to this call.
 *
 * @discussion
 * The target SMR domain must NOT be entered when making this call.
 *
 * The passed @c size doesn't have to be precise, it should be a rough
 * estimate of the memory that will be reclaimed when when the call is made.
 *
 * This function gives no guarantee of forward progress,
 * unless the magic SMR_CALL_EXPEDITE size is passed to @c smr_call().
 *
 * This function can'be be used in interrupt context.
 */
extern void smr_call(smr_t smr, smr_node_t node, vm_size_t size, smr_cb_t cb);

#define SMR_CALL_EXPEDITE       ((vm_size_t)~0)

/*!
 * @function smr_synchronize()
 *
 * @brief
 * Wait until all readers have observed any updates made prior to this call.
 *
 * @discussion
 * The target SMR domain must NOT be entered when making this call.
 *
 * This function is quite expensive, and asynchronous deferred processing
 * using @c smr_call() should be used instead when possible.
 *
 * Reserve using this call for events that are extremely rare (like system
 * configuration events such as configuring networking interfaces, changing
 * system wide security policies, or loading/unloading a kernel extension).
 *
 * This function should typically be called with preemption enabled,
 * and no locks held.
 */
extern void smr_synchronize(smr_t smr);

/*!
 * @function smr_barrier()
 *
 * @brief
 * Wait until all readers have observed any updates made prior to this call,
 * and all @c smr_call() callbacks dispatched prior to this call on any core
 * have completed.
 *
 * @discussion
 * The target SMR domain must NOT be entered when making this call.
 *
 * This function is typically used when some data structure is being
 * accessed by @c smr_call() callbacks and that data structure needs
 * to be retired.
 *
 * Reserve using this call for events that are extremely rare (like system
 * configuration events such as configuring networking interfaces, changing
 * system wide security policies, or loading/unloading a kernel extension).
 *
 * This function should typically be called with preemption enabled,
 * and no locks held.
 */
extern void smr_barrier(smr_t smr);


#ifdef XNU_KERNEL_PRIVATE
#pragma GCC visibility push(hidden)
#pragma mark - XNU only
#pragma mark XNU only: SMR domains advanced

#define SMR_SEQ_INVALID         ((smr_seq_t)0)
#define SMR_SEQ_SLEEPABLE       ((smr_seq_t)1) /* only on smr_pcpu::rd_seq */
#define SMR_SEQ_INIT            ((smr_seq_t)2)
#define SMR_SEQ_INC             ((smr_seq_t)4)

typedef long                    smr_delta_t;

#define SMR_SEQ_DELTA(a, b)     ((smr_delta_t)((a) - (b)))
#define SMR_SEQ_CMP(a, op, b)   (SMR_SEQ_DELTA(a, b) op 0)

/*!
 * @typedef smr_clock_t
 *
 * @brief
 * Represents an SMR domain clock, internal type not manipulated by clients.
 */
typedef struct {
	smr_seq_t               s_rd_seq;
	smr_seq_t               s_wr_seq;
} smr_clock_t;

#define SMR_NAME_MAX            24

/*!
 * @typedef smr_t
 *
 * @brief
 * Declares an SMR domain of synchronization.
 */
struct smr {
	smr_clock_t             smr_clock;
	struct smr_pcpu        *smr_pcpu;
	unsigned long           smr_flags;
	unsigned long           smr_early;
	char                    smr_name[SMR_NAME_MAX];
} __attribute__((aligned(64)));

/*!
 * @macro SMR_DEFINE_FLAGS
 *
 * @brief
 * Define an SMR domain with specific create flags.
 */
#define SMR_DEFINE_FLAGS(var, name, flags) \
	struct smr var = { \
	        .smr_clock.s_rd_seq = SMR_SEQ_INIT, \
	        .smr_clock.s_wr_seq = SMR_SEQ_INIT, \
	        .smr_flags = (flags), \
	        .smr_name  = "" name, \
	}; \
	STARTUP_ARG(TUNABLES, STARTUP_RANK_LAST, __smr_domain_init, &(var)); \
	STARTUP_ARG(ZALLOC, STARTUP_RANK_LAST, __smr_domain_init, &(var))

/*!
 * @macro SMR_DEFINE
 *
 * @brief
 * Define an SMR domain.
 */
#define SMR_DEFINE(var, name) \
	SMR_DEFINE_FLAGS(var, name, SMR_NONE)


/*!
 * @macro SMR_DEFINE_SLEEPABLE
 *
 * @brief
 * Define a sleepable SMR domain.
 */
#define SMR_DEFINE_SLEEPABLE(var, name) \
	SMR_DEFINE_FLAGS(var, name, SMR_SLEEPABLE)


/*!
 * @function smr_advance()
 *
 * @brief
 * Advance the write sequence and return the value
 * for use as a wait goal.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This guarantees that any changes made by the calling thread
 * prior to this call will be visible to all threads after
 * the read sequence meets or exceeds the return value.
 */
extern smr_seq_t smr_advance(smr_t smr) __result_use_check;

/*!
 * @function smr_deferred_advance()
 *
 * @brief
 * Pretend-advance the write sequence and return the value
 * for use as a wait goal.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This guarantees that any changes made by the calling thread
 * prior to this call will be visible to all threads after
 * the read sequence meets or exceeds the return value.
 *
 * Unlike smr_advance(), the global clock isn't really advanced,
 * it only sets a goal in the future. This can be used to control
 * the pace of updating the global clock and avoid global atomics.
 *
 * In order for the clock to advance, clients of this API must call
 * @c smr_deferred_advance_commit() with the goal returned by this call.
 *
 * Note that calls to @c smr_advance() or @c smr_wait() when passed
 * the goal returned by this function would also allow the clock
 * to make progress and are legal (yet less efficient) calls to make.
 */
extern smr_seq_t smr_deferred_advance(smr_t smr) __result_use_check;

/*!
 * @function smr_deferred_advance_commit()
 *
 * @brief
 * Actually advance the write sequence to the goal returned by a previous
 * call to @c smr_deferred_advance().
 */
extern void smr_deferred_advance_commit(smr_t smr, smr_seq_t seq);


/*!
 * @function smr_poll
 *
 * @brief
 * Poll to determine whether all readers have observed the @c goal
 * write sequence number.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This function is safe to be called from preemption disabled context
 * and its worst complexity is O(ncpu).
 *
 * @returns true if the goal is met and false if not.
 */
extern bool smr_poll(smr_t smr, smr_seq_t goal) __result_use_check;

/*!
 * @function smr_wait
 *
 * @brief
 * Wait until all readers have observed
 * the @c goal write sequence number.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This function is safe to be called from preemption disabled context
 * as it never explicitly blocks, however this is not recommended.
 */
extern void smr_wait(smr_t smr, smr_seq_t goal);


#pragma mark XNU only: major sleepable SMR domains
/*
 * Note: this is private for now because sleepable sections that do "bad" things
 *       (such as doing an upcall to userspace, or doing VM allocations) have
 *       the danger that they can stall the reclamation worker threads,
 *       which are a singleton resource.
 *
 *       Until this can be mitigated or designed better, this stays private.
 */

/*!
 * @typedef smr_tracker_t
 *
 * @brief
 * Structure used to track active sleepable SMR sections.
 *
 * @field smrt_domain  the entered SMR domain
 * @field smrt_seq     the SMR sequence at the time of smr_enter_sleepable().
 * @field smrt_link    linkage used to track stalled sections.
 * @field smrt_stack   linkage used to track entered sections.
 * @field smrt_ctid    (if stalled) the ctid of the thread in this section.
 * @field smrt_cpu     (if stalled) the cpu the thread was on when stalled.
 */
typedef struct smr_tracker {
	smr_t                   smrt_domain;
	smr_seq_t               smrt_seq;
	struct smrq_link        smrt_link;
	struct smrq_slink       smrt_stack;
	uint32_t                smrt_ctid;
	int                     smrt_cpu;
} *smr_tracker_t;

/*!
 * @function smr_enter_sleepable()
 *
 * @brief
 * Enter a sleepable SMR critical section.
 *
 * @discussion
 * Entering an SMR critical section is non recursive
 * (entering it recursively is undefined and will panic on development kernels)
 *
 * @c smr_leave_sleepable() must be called to end this section,
 * passing the same tracker pointer.
 *
 * The SMR domain must have been created with the @c SMR_SLEEPABLE flag.
 *
 * It is permitted to do operations that might block under such a transaction,
 * such as acquiring a lock, or freeing memory.
 *
 * It is forbidden to perform operations that wait for an unbounded amount of
 * time such as waiting for networking packets or even a hardware driver event,
 * as these could cause grace periods (and memory reclamation) to stall for
 * a very long time.
 */
extern void smr_enter_sleepable(smr_t smr, smr_tracker_t tracker);

/*!
 * @function smr_leave_sleepable()
 *
 * @brief
 * Leave a sleepable SMR critical section entered with @c smr_enter_sleepable().
 */
extern void smr_leave_sleepable(smr_t smr, smr_tracker_t tracker);


#pragma mark XNU only: major subsystems SMR domains

/*!
 * @brief
 * A global system wide non preemptible domain.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This is provided as a fallback for when a specific SMR domain
 * would be overkill.
 *
 * Try not use the @c smr_system name directly, instead define
 * a subsystem domain that happens to be defined to it, so that
 * understanding the invariants being provided is easier.
 */
extern struct smr smr_system;

/*!
 * @brief
 * A global system wide sleepable domain.
 *
 * @discussion
 * This is provided as a fallback for when a specific SMR domain
 * would be overkill.
 *
 * Try not use the @c smr_system_sleepable name directly,
 * instead define a subsystem domain that happens to be defined to it,
 * so that understanding the invariants being provided is easier.
 */
extern struct smr smr_system_sleepable;


/*!
 * @macro smr_ipc
 *
 * @brief
 * The SMR domain for the Mach IPC subsystem.
 */
#define smr_ipc                         smr_system
#define smr_ipc_entered()               smr_entered(&smr_ipc)
#define smr_ipc_enter()                 smr_enter(&smr_ipc)
#define smr_ipc_leave()                 smr_leave(&smr_ipc)

#define smr_ipc_call(n, sz, cb)         smr_call(&smr_ipc, n, sz, cb)
#define smr_ipc_synchronize()           smr_synchronize(&smr_ipc)
#define smr_ipc_barrier()               smr_barrier(&smr_ipc)


/*!
 * @macro smr_proc_task
 *
 * @brief
 * The SMR domain for the proc/task and adjacent objects.
 */
#define smr_proc_task                   smr_system
#define smr_proc_task_entered()         smr_entered(&smr_proc_task)
#define smr_proc_task_enter()           smr_enter(&smr_proc_task)
#define smr_proc_task_leave()           smr_leave(&smr_proc_task)

#define smr_proc_task_call(n, sz, cb)   smr_call(&smr_proc_task, n, sz, cb)
#define smr_proc_task_synchronize()     smr_synchronize(&smr_proc_task)
#define smr_proc_task_barrier()         smr_barrier(&smr_proc_task)


/*!
 * @macro smr_iokit
 *
 * @brief
 * The SMR domain for IOKit
 */
#define smr_iokit                       smr_system
#define smr_iokit_entered()             smr_entered(&smr_iokit)
#define smr_iokit_enter()               smr_enter(&smr_iokit)
#define smr_iokit_leave()               smr_leave(&smr_iokit)

#define smr_iokit_call(n, sz, cb)       smr_call(&smr_iokit, n, sz, cb)
#define smr_iokit_synchronize()         smr_synchronize(&smr_iokit)
#define smr_iokit_barrier()             smr_barrier(&smr_iokit)


/*!
 * @macro smr_oslog
 *
 * @brief
 * The SMR domain for kernel OSLog handles.
 */
#define smr_oslog                       smr_system
#define smr_oslog_entered()             smr_entered(&smr_oslog)
#define smr_oslog_enter()               smr_enter(&smr_oslog)
#define smr_oslog_leave()               smr_leave(&smr_oslog)

#define smr_oslog_call(n, sz, cb)       smr_call(&smr_oslog, n, sz, cb)
#define smr_oslog_synchronize()         smr_synchronize(&smr_oslog)
#define smr_oslog_barrier()             smr_barrier(&smr_oslog)


#pragma mark XNU only: implementation details

extern void __smr_domain_init(smr_t);

#ifdef MACH_KERNEL_PRIVATE
struct processor;

extern bool smr_entered_cpu_noblock(smr_t smr, int cpu) __result_use_check;

extern void smr_ack_ipi(void);

extern void smr_mark_active_trackers_stalled(struct thread *self);

__options_closed_decl(smr_cpu_reason_t, uint8_t, {
	SMR_CPU_REASON_NONE        = 0x00,
	SMR_CPU_REASON_OFFLINE     = 0x01,
	SMR_CPU_REASON_IGNORED     = 0x02,
	SMR_CPU_REASON_ALL         = 0x03,
});

extern void smr_cpu_init(struct processor *);
extern void smr_cpu_up(struct processor *, smr_cpu_reason_t);
extern void smr_cpu_down(struct processor *, smr_cpu_reason_t);

extern void smr_cpu_join(struct processor *, uint64_t ctime);
extern void smr_cpu_tick(uint64_t ctime, bool safe_point);
extern void smr_cpu_leave(struct processor *, uint64_t ctime);

extern void smr_maintenance(uint64_t ctime);

#if CONFIG_QUIESCE_COUNTER
extern void cpu_quiescent_set_storage(uint64_t _Atomic *ptr);
#endif
#endif /* MACH_KERNEL_PRIVATE */

extern uint32_t smr_cpu_checkin_get_min_interval_us(void);

extern uint32_t smr_cpu_checkin_get_min_interval_us(void);

extern void smr_cpu_checkin_set_min_interval_us(uint32_t new_value);

#pragma GCC visibility pop
#endif /* XNU_KERNEL_PRIVATE */
#pragma mark - implementation details
#pragma mark implementation details: SMR queues

__dead2
static inline void
__smr_linkage_invalid(__smrq_link_t *link)
{
	struct smrq_link *elem = __container_of(link, struct smrq_link, next);

	ml_fatal_trap_invalid_list_linkage((unsigned long)elem);
}

__dead2
static inline void
__smr_stail_invalid(__smrq_slink_t *link, __smrq_slink_t *last __unused)
{
	struct smrq_slink *elem = __container_of(link, struct smrq_slink, next);

	ml_fatal_trap_invalid_list_linkage((unsigned long)elem);
}

__dead2
static inline void
__smr_tail_invalid(__smrq_link_t *link, __smrq_link_t *last __unused)
{
	struct smrq_link *elem = __container_of(link, struct smrq_link, next);

	ml_fatal_trap_invalid_list_linkage((unsigned long)elem);
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline __smrq_slink_t **
__smrq_lastp(struct smrq_slist_head *head __unused)
{
	return NULL;
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline __smrq_link_t **
__smrq_lastp(struct smrq_list_head *head __unused)
{
	return NULL;
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline __smrq_slink_t **
__smrq_lastp(struct smrq_stailq_head *head)
{
	__smrq_slink_t **last = &head->last;

	__builtin_assume(last != NULL);
	return last;
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline __smrq_link_t **
__smrq_lastp(struct smrq_tailq_head *head)
{
	__smrq_link_t **last = &head->last;

	__builtin_assume(last != NULL);
	return last;
}


__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_insert(
	__smrq_slink_t         *prev,
	struct smrq_slink      *elem,
	struct smrq_slink      *next,
	__smrq_slink_t        **lastp)
{
	if (next == NULL && lastp) {
		if (*lastp != prev || smr_serialized_load(prev)) {
			__smr_stail_invalid(prev, *lastp);
		}
	}

	smr_serialized_store_relaxed(&elem->next, next);
	smr_serialized_store(prev, elem);
	if (next == NULL && lastp) {
		*lastp = &elem->next;
	}
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_insert(
	__smrq_link_t          *prev,
	struct smrq_link       *elem,
	struct smrq_link       *next,
	__smrq_link_t         **lastp)
{
	if (next != NULL && next->prev != prev) {
		__smr_linkage_invalid(prev);
	}
	if (next == NULL && lastp) {
		if (*lastp != prev || smr_serialized_load(prev)) {
			__smr_tail_invalid(prev, *lastp);
		}
	}

	smr_serialized_store_relaxed(&elem->next, next);
	elem->prev = prev;
	smr_serialized_store(prev, elem);

	if (next != NULL) {
		next->prev = &elem->next;
	} else if (lastp) {
		*lastp = &elem->next;
	}
}


__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_insert_relaxed(
	__smrq_slink_t         *prev,
	struct smrq_slink      *elem,
	struct smrq_slink      *next,
	__smrq_slink_t        **lastp)
{
	if (next == NULL && lastp) {
		if (*lastp != prev || smr_serialized_load(prev)) {
			__smr_stail_invalid(prev, *lastp);
		}
	}

	smr_serialized_store_relaxed(&elem->next, next);
	smr_serialized_store_relaxed(prev, elem);
	if (next == NULL && lastp) {
		*lastp = &elem->next;
	}
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_insert_relaxed(
	__smrq_link_t          *prev,
	struct smrq_link       *elem,
	struct smrq_link       *next,
	__smrq_link_t         **lastp)
{
	if (next != NULL && next->prev != prev) {
		__smr_linkage_invalid(prev);
	}
	if (next == NULL && lastp) {
		if (*lastp != prev || smr_serialized_load(prev)) {
			__smr_tail_invalid(prev, *lastp);
		}
	}

	smr_serialized_store_relaxed(&elem->next, next);
	elem->prev = prev;
	smr_serialized_store_relaxed(prev, elem);

	if (next != NULL) {
		next->prev = &elem->next;
	} else if (lastp) {
		*lastp = &elem->next;
	}
}


__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_remove_one(
	__smrq_slink_t         *prev,
	struct smrq_slink      *elem,
	__smrq_slink_t        **lastp)
{
	struct smrq_slink *next;

	/*
	 * Removal "skips" a link this way:
	 *
	 *     e1 ---> e2 ---> e3  becomes e1 -----------> e3
	 *
	 * When e3 was inserted, a release barrier was issued
	 * by smr_serialized_store().  We do not need to issue
	 * a release barrier upon removal because `next` carries
	 * a dependency on that smr_serialized_store()d value.
	 */
	next = smr_serialized_load(&elem->next);
	smr_serialized_store_relaxed(prev, next);
	if (next == NULL && lastp) {
		*lastp = prev;
	}
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_remove_one(
	__smrq_link_t          *prev,
	struct smrq_link       *elem,
	__smrq_link_t         **lastp)
{
	struct smrq_link *next;

	next = smr_serialized_load(&elem->next);

	if (smr_serialized_load(prev) != elem) {
		__smr_linkage_invalid(prev);
	}
	if (next && next->prev != &elem->next) {
		__smr_linkage_invalid(&elem->next);
	}

	/*
	 * Removal "skips" a link this way:
	 *
	 *     e1 ---> e2 ---> e3  becomes e1 -----------> e3
	 *
	 * When e3 was inserted, a release barrier was issued
	 * by smr_serialized_store().  We do not need to issue
	 * a release barrier upon removal because `next` carries
	 * a dependency on that smr_serialized_store()d value.
	 */
	smr_serialized_store_relaxed(prev, next);

	if (next != NULL) {
		next->prev = prev;
	} else if (lastp) {
		*lastp = prev;
	}
	elem->prev = NULL;
}


__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_remove(
	__smrq_slink_t         *first,
	struct smrq_slink      *elem,
	__smrq_slink_t        **lastp)
{
	__smrq_slink_t *prev = first;
	struct smrq_slink *cur;

	while ((cur = smr_serialized_load(prev)) != elem) {
		prev = &cur->next;
	}

	__smrq_serialized_remove_one(prev, elem, lastp);
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_remove(
	__smrq_link_t          *first __unused,
	struct smrq_link       *elem,
	__smrq_link_t         **lastp)
{
	__smrq_serialized_remove_one(elem->prev, elem, lastp);
}


__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_replace(
	__smrq_slink_t         *first,
	struct smrq_slink      *old_elem,
	struct smrq_slink      *new_elem,
	__smrq_slink_t        **lastp)
{
	__smrq_slink_t *prev = first;
	struct smrq_slink *cur;
	struct smrq_slink *next;

	while ((cur = smr_serialized_load(prev)) != old_elem) {
		prev = &cur->next;
	}

	next = smr_serialized_load(&old_elem->next);
	smr_serialized_store_relaxed(&new_elem->next, next);
	smr_serialized_store(prev, new_elem);

	if (next == NULL && lastp) {
		*lastp = &new_elem->next;
	}
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_replace(
	__smrq_link_t          *first __unused,
	struct smrq_link       *old_elem,
	struct smrq_link       *new_elem,
	__smrq_link_t         **lastp)
{
	__smrq_link_t *prev;
	struct smrq_link *next;

	prev = old_elem->prev;
	next = smr_serialized_load(&old_elem->next);

	if (smr_serialized_load(prev) != old_elem) {
		__smr_linkage_invalid(prev);
	}
	if (next && next->prev != &old_elem->next) {
		__smr_linkage_invalid(&old_elem->next);
	}

	smr_serialized_store_relaxed(&new_elem->next, next);
	new_elem->prev = prev;
	smr_serialized_store(prev, new_elem);

	if (next != NULL) {
		next->prev = &new_elem->next;
	} else if (lastp) {
		*lastp = &new_elem->next;
	}
	old_elem->prev = NULL;
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_append(
	__smrq_slink_t         *dst_first,
	__smrq_slink_t        **dst_lastp,
	__smrq_slink_t         *src_first,
	__smrq_slink_t        **src_lastp)
{
	struct smrq_slink *src = smr_serialized_load(src_first);
	struct smrq_slink *dst;

	if (dst_lastp) {
		if (src) {
			smr_serialized_store_relaxed(*dst_lastp, src);
			*dst_lastp = *src_lastp;
		}
	} else {
		while ((dst = smr_serialized_load(dst_first))) {
			dst_first = &dst->next;
		}
		smr_serialized_store_relaxed(dst_first, src);
	}
}

__attribute__((always_inline, overloadable))
static inline void
__smrq_serialized_append(
	__smrq_link_t          *dst_first,
	__smrq_link_t         **dst_lastp,
	__smrq_link_t          *src_first,
	__smrq_link_t         **src_lastp)
{
	struct smrq_link *src = smr_serialized_load(src_first);
	struct smrq_link *dst;

	if (dst_lastp) {
		if (src) {
			smr_serialized_store_relaxed(*dst_lastp, src);
			src->prev = *dst_lastp;
			*dst_lastp = *src_lastp;
		}
	} else {
		while ((dst = smr_serialized_load(dst_first))) {
			dst_first = &dst->next;
		}
		smr_serialized_store_relaxed(dst_first, src);
		src->prev = &dst->next;
	}
}

__END_DECLS

#endif /* _KERN_SMR_H_ */