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mach_o/Header.cpp /dev/null dyld-1162
--- /dev/null
+++ dyld/dyld-1162/mach_o/Header.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,2614 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2021 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
+ *
+ * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
+ * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
+ * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
+ * compliance with the License. Please obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this
+ * file.
+ *
+ * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
+ * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+ * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
+ */
+
+#include <utility>
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include <TargetConditionals.h>
+#if !TARGET_OS_EXCLAVEKIT
+  #include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "Array.h"
+#include "Header.h"
+#include "Architecture.h"
+#include "Misc.h"
+#include "Policy.h"
+#include "LoggingStub.h"
+
+using mach_o::Architecture;
+using mach_o::Platform;
+using mach_o::PlatformAndVersions;
+using mach_o::Policy;
+
+namespace mach_o {
+
+
+//
+// MARK: --- DependentDylibAttributes ---
+//
+
+constinit const DependentDylibAttributes DependentDylibAttributes::regular;
+constinit const DependentDylibAttributes DependentDylibAttributes::justWeakLink(DYLIB_USE_WEAK_LINK);
+constinit const DependentDylibAttributes DependentDylibAttributes::justUpward(DYLIB_USE_UPWARD);
+constinit const DependentDylibAttributes DependentDylibAttributes::justReExport(DYLIB_USE_REEXPORT);
+constinit const DependentDylibAttributes DependentDylibAttributes::justDelayInit(DYLIB_USE_DELAYED_INIT);
+
+
+//
+// MARK: --- methods that read mach_header ---
+//
+
+bool Header::hasMachOMagic() const
+{
+    return ((mh.magic == MH_MAGIC) || (mh.magic == MH_MAGIC_64));
+}
+
+bool Header::hasMachOBigEndianMagic() const
+{
+    return ((mh.magic == MH_CIGAM) || (mh.magic == MH_CIGAM_64));
+}
+
+bool Header::is64() const
+{
+    return (mh.magic == MH_MAGIC_64);
+}
+
+uint32_t Header::machHeaderSize() const
+{
+    return is64() ? sizeof(mach_header_64) : sizeof(mach_header);
+}
+
+uint32_t Header::pointerSize() const
+{
+    if ( mh.magic == MH_MAGIC_64 )
+        return 8;
+    else
+        return 4;
+}
+
+bool Header::uses16KPages() const
+{
+    switch ( mh.cputype ) {
+        case CPU_TYPE_ARM64:
+        case CPU_TYPE_ARM64_32:
+            return true;
+        case CPU_TYPE_ARM:
+            // iOS is 16k aligned for armv7/armv7s and watchOS armv7k is 16k aligned
+            return mh.cpusubtype == CPU_SUBTYPE_ARM_V7K;
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+bool Header::isArch(const char* aName) const
+{
+    return (strcmp(aName, this->archName()) == 0);
+}
+
+const char* Header::archName() const
+{
+    return Architecture(&mh).name();
+}
+
+Architecture Header::arch() const
+{
+    return Architecture(&mh);
+}
+
+bool Header::inDyldCache() const
+{
+    return (mh.flags & MH_DYLIB_IN_CACHE);
+}
+
+bool Header::isDyldManaged() const
+{
+    switch ( mh.filetype ) {
+        case MH_BUNDLE:
+        case MH_EXECUTE:
+        case MH_DYLIB:
+            return ((mh.flags & MH_DYLDLINK) != 0);
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool Header::isDylib() const
+{
+    return (mh.filetype == MH_DYLIB);
+}
+
+bool Header::isBundle() const
+{
+    return (mh.filetype == MH_BUNDLE);
+}
+
+bool Header::isMainExecutable() const
+{
+    return (mh.filetype == MH_EXECUTE);
+}
+
+bool Header::isDynamicExecutable() const
+{
+    if ( mh.filetype != MH_EXECUTE )
+        return false;
+
+    // static executables do not have dyld load command
+    return hasLoadCommand(LC_LOAD_DYLINKER);
+}
+
+bool Header::isKextBundle() const
+{
+    return (mh.filetype == MH_KEXT_BUNDLE);
+}
+
+bool Header::isObjectFile() const
+{
+    return (mh.filetype == MH_OBJECT);
+}
+
+bool Header::isFileSet() const
+{
+    return (mh.filetype == MH_FILESET);
+}
+
+bool Header::isPIE() const
+{
+    return (mh.flags & MH_PIE);
+}
+
+bool Header::isPreload() const
+{
+    return (mh.filetype == MH_PRELOAD);
+}
+
+bool Header::hasWeakDefs() const
+{
+    return (mh.flags & MH_WEAK_DEFINES);
+}
+
+bool Header::usesWeakDefs() const
+{
+    return (mh.flags & MH_BINDS_TO_WEAK);
+}
+
+bool Header::hasThreadLocalVariables() const
+{
+    return (mh.flags & MH_HAS_TLV_DESCRIPTORS);
+}
+
+const Header* Header::isMachO(std::span<const uint8_t> content)
+{
+    if ( content.size() < sizeof(mach_header) )
+        return nullptr;
+
+    const Header* mh = (const Header*)content.data();
+    if ( mh->hasMachOMagic() )
+        return mh;
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+bool Header::mayHaveTextFixups() const
+{
+    // only i386 binaries support text fixups
+    if ( mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_I386 )
+        return true;
+    // and x86_64 kext bundles
+    if ( isKextBundle() && (mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_X86_64) )
+        return true;
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool Header::hasSubsectionsViaSymbols() const
+{
+    return (this->mh.flags & MH_SUBSECTIONS_VIA_SYMBOLS) != 0;
+}
+
+bool Header::noReexportedDylibs() const
+{
+    return (this->mh.flags & MH_NO_REEXPORTED_DYLIBS) != 0;
+}
+
+bool Header::isAppExtensionSafe() const
+{
+    return (this->mh.flags & MH_APP_EXTENSION_SAFE) != 0;
+}
+
+bool Header::isSimSupport() const
+{
+    return (this->mh.flags & MH_SIM_SUPPORT) != 0;
+}
+
+
+//
+// MARK: --- methods for validating mach-o content ---
+//
+
+PlatformAndVersions Header::platformAndVersions() const
+{
+    // should be one platform load command (exception is zippered dylibs)
+    __block PlatformAndVersions pvs;
+    forEachPlatformLoadCommand(^(Platform platform, Version32 minOS, Version32 sdk) {
+        Error err = pvs.zip({ platform, minOS, sdk });
+        assert(err.noError());
+    });
+    return pvs;
+}
+
+Error Header::validSemanticsPlatform() const
+{
+    // should be one platform load command (exception is zippered dylibs)
+    __block PlatformAndVersions pvs;
+    __block Error           badPlatform;
+    forEachPlatformLoadCommand(^(Platform platform, Version32 minOS, Version32 sdk) {
+        if ( badPlatform.hasError() ) return;
+
+        if ( Error err = platform.valid() ) {
+            badPlatform = std::move(err);
+            return;
+        }
+        badPlatform = pvs.zip({ platform, minOS, sdk });
+    });
+    if ( badPlatform )
+        return std::move(badPlatform);
+
+#if BUILDING_MACHO_WRITER
+    if ( pvs.platform.empty() )
+        return Error::none(); // allow empty platform in static linker
+#endif
+
+    return pvs.platform.valid();
+}
+
+Error Header::valid(uint64_t fileSize) const
+{
+    if ( fileSize < sizeof(mach_header) )
+        return Error("file is too short");
+
+    if ( !hasMachOMagic() )
+        return Error("not a mach-o file (start is no MH_MAGIC[_64])");
+
+    if ( Error err = validStructureLoadCommands(fileSize) )
+        return err;
+
+    if ( Error err = validSemanticsPlatform() )
+        return err;
+
+    // create policy object
+    Policy policy(arch(), platformAndVersions(), mh.filetype, false);
+
+    if ( Error err = validSemanticsUUID(policy) )
+        return err;
+
+    if ( Error err = validSemanticsInstallName(policy) )
+        return err;
+
+    if ( Error err = validSemanticsDependents(policy) )
+        return err;
+
+    if ( Error err = validSemanticsRPath(policy) )
+        return err;
+
+    if ( Error err = validSemanticsSegments(policy, fileSize) )
+        return err;
+
+    if ( Error err = validSemanticsLinkerOptions(policy) )
+        return err;
+
+    if ( isMainExecutable() ) {
+        if ( Error err = validSemanticsMain(policy) )
+            return err;
+    }
+
+    return Error::none();
+}
+
+static Error stringOverflow(const load_command* cmd, uint32_t index, uint32_t strOffset)
+{
+    if ( strOffset >= cmd->cmdsize )
+        return Error("load command #%d string offset (%u) outside its size (%u)", index, strOffset, cmd->cmdsize);
+
+    const char* str = (char*)cmd + strOffset;
+    const char* end = (char*)cmd + cmd->cmdsize;
+    for ( const char* s = str; s < end; ++s ) {
+        if ( *s == '\0' ) {
+            return Error::none();
+        }
+    }
+    return Error("load command #%d string extends beyond end of load command", index);
+}
+
+Error Header::validStructureLoadCommands(uint64_t fileSize) const
+{
+    // check load command don't exceed file length
+    const uint64_t headerAndLCSize = mh.sizeofcmds + machHeaderSize();
+    if ( headerAndLCSize > fileSize ) {
+        return Error("load commands length (%llu) exceeds length of file (%llu)", headerAndLCSize, fileSize);
+    }
+
+    // check for reconized filetype
+    switch ( mh.filetype ) {
+        case MH_EXECUTE:
+        case MH_DYLIB:
+        case MH_DYLINKER:
+        case MH_BUNDLE:
+        case MH_KEXT_BUNDLE:
+        case MH_FILESET:
+        case MH_PRELOAD:
+        case MH_OBJECT:
+            break;
+        default:
+            return Error("unknown filetype %d", mh.filetype);
+    }
+
+    // walk all load commands and sanity check them
+    __block int   index = 1;
+    __block Error lcError;
+    auto          lcChecker = ^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        const dylib_command*         dylibCmd;
+        const rpath_command*         rpathCmd;
+        const sub_umbrella_command*  umbrellaCmd;
+        const sub_client_command*    clientCmd;
+        const sub_library_command*   libraryCmd;
+        const build_version_command* buildVersCmd;
+        const segment_command*       segCmd;
+        const segment_command_64*    seg64Cmd;
+        const fileset_entry_command* fileSetCmd;
+        switch ( cmd->cmd ) {
+            case LC_ID_DYLIB:
+            case LC_LOAD_DYLIB:
+            case LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB:
+            case LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB:
+            case LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB:
+                dylibCmd = (dylib_command*)cmd;
+                lcError  = stringOverflow(cmd, index, dylibCmd->dylib.name.offset);
+                break;
+            case LC_RPATH:
+                rpathCmd = (rpath_command*)cmd;
+                lcError  = stringOverflow(cmd, index, rpathCmd->path.offset);
+                break;
+            case LC_SUB_UMBRELLA:
+                umbrellaCmd = (sub_umbrella_command*)cmd;
+                lcError     = stringOverflow(cmd, index, umbrellaCmd->sub_umbrella.offset);
+                break;
+            case LC_SUB_CLIENT:
+                clientCmd = (sub_client_command*)cmd;
+                lcError   = stringOverflow(cmd, index, clientCmd->client.offset);
+                break;
+            case LC_SUB_LIBRARY:
+                libraryCmd = (sub_library_command*)cmd;
+                lcError    = stringOverflow(cmd, index, libraryCmd->sub_library.offset);
+                break;
+            case LC_SYMTAB:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(symtab_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_SYMTAB size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_DYSYMTAB:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(dysymtab_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_DYSYMTAB size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_SEGMENT_SPLIT_INFO:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(linkedit_data_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_SEGMENT_SPLIT_INFO size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_ATOM_INFO:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(linkedit_data_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_ATOM_INFO size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_FUNCTION_STARTS:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(linkedit_data_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_FUNCTION_STARTS size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_DYLD_EXPORTS_TRIE:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(linkedit_data_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_DYLD_EXPORTS_TRIE size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_DYLD_CHAINED_FIXUPS:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(linkedit_data_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_DYLD_CHAINED_FIXUPS size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(encryption_info_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(encryption_info_command_64) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64 size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_DYLD_INFO:
+            case LC_DYLD_INFO_ONLY:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(dyld_info_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_DYLD_INFO_ONLY size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX:
+            case LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS:
+            case LC_VERSION_MIN_TVOS:
+            case LC_VERSION_MIN_WATCHOS:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(version_min_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_VERSION_MIN_* size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_UUID:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(uuid_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_UUID size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_BUILD_VERSION:
+                buildVersCmd = (build_version_command*)cmd;
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != (sizeof(build_version_command) + buildVersCmd->ntools * sizeof(build_tool_version)) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_BUILD_VERSION size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_MAIN:
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != sizeof(entry_point_command) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_MAIN size wrong", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_SEGMENT:
+                segCmd = (segment_command*)cmd;
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != (sizeof(segment_command) + segCmd->nsects * sizeof(section)) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_SEGMENT size does not match number of sections", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_SEGMENT_64:
+                seg64Cmd = (segment_command_64*)cmd;
+                if ( cmd->cmdsize != (sizeof(segment_command_64) + seg64Cmd->nsects * sizeof(section_64)) )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d LC_SEGMENT_64 size does not match number of sections", index);
+                break;
+            case LC_FILESET_ENTRY:
+                fileSetCmd = (fileset_entry_command*)cmd;
+                lcError    = stringOverflow(cmd, index, fileSetCmd->entry_id.offset);
+                break;
+            default:
+                if ( cmd->cmd & LC_REQ_DYLD )
+                    lcError = Error("load command #%d unknown required load command 0x%08X", index, cmd->cmd);
+                break;
+        }
+        ++index;
+        if ( lcError )
+            stop = true;
+    };
+    if ( Error err = this->forEachLoadCommand(lcChecker) )
+        return err;
+    if ( lcError )
+        return std::move(lcError);
+    /*
+    // check load commands fit in TEXT segment
+    if ( this->isDyldManaged() ) {
+        __block bool foundTEXT = false;
+        __block Error segError;
+        forEachSegment(^(const SegmentInfo& segInfo, bool& stop) {
+            if ( strcmp(segInfo.segName, "__TEXT") == 0 ) {
+                foundTEXT = true;
+                if ( headerAndLCSize > segInfo.fileSize ) {
+                    segError = Error("load commands (%llu) exceed length of __TEXT segment (%llu)", headerAndLCSize, segInfo.fileSize);
+                }
+                if ( segInfo.fileOffset != 0 ) {
+                    segError = Error("__TEXT segment not start of mach-o (%llu)", segInfo.fileOffset);
+                }
+                stop = true;
+            }
+        });
+        if ( segError )
+            return std::move(segError);
+        if ( !foundTEXT ) {
+            return Error("missing __TEXT segment");
+        }
+    }
+*/
+    return Error::none();
+}
+
+
+Error Header::validSemanticsUUID(const Policy& policy) const
+{
+    // should have at most one LC_UUID
+    __block unsigned uuidCount = 0;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_UUID )
+            ++uuidCount;
+    });
+    if ( uuidCount > 1 )
+        return Error("too many LC_UUID load commands");
+    if ( (uuidCount == 0) && policy.enforceHasUUID() )
+        return Error("missing LC_UUID load command");
+
+    return Error::none();
+}
+
+Error Header::validSemanticsInstallName(const Policy& policy) const
+{
+    __block const char* installName = nullptr;
+    __block int         foundCount  = 0;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_ID_DYLIB ) {
+            const dylib_command* dylibCmd = (dylib_command*)cmd;
+            installName                   = (char*)dylibCmd + dylibCmd->dylib.name.offset;
+            ++foundCount;
+        }
+    });
+    if ( foundCount > 1 )
+        return Error("multiple LC_ID_DYLIB found");
+
+    if ( this->isDylib() ) {
+        if ( installName == nullptr )
+            return Error("MH_DYLIB is missing LC_ID_DYLIB");
+#if 0 // FIXME: need path plumbed down
+        if ( policy.enforceInstallNamesAreRealPaths() ) {
+            // new binary, so check that part after @xpath/ is real (not symlinks)
+            if ( (strncmp(installName, "@loader_path/", 13) == 0) || (strncmp(installName, "@executable_path/", 17) == 0) ) {
+                if ( const char* s = strchr(installName, '/') ) {
+                    while (strncmp(s, "/..", 3) == 0)
+                        s += 3;
+                    const char* trailingInstallPath = s;
+                    const char* trailingRealPath = &path[strlen(path)-strlen(trailingInstallPath)];
+                    if ( strcmp(trailingRealPath, trailingInstallPath) != 0 ) {
+                        Error("install name '%s' contains symlinks", installName);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+    else {
+        if ( installName != nullptr )
+            return Error("found LC_ID_DYLIB found in non-MH_DYLIB");
+    }
+
+    return Error::none();
+}
+
+Error Header::validSemanticsDependents(const Policy& policy) const
+{
+    // gather info
+    __block Error dupDepError;
+    __block int   depCount = 0;
+    const char*   depPathsBuffer[256];
+    const char**  depPaths = depPathsBuffer;
+    const bool    enforceNoDupDylibs = policy.enforceNoDuplicateDylibs();
+    const bool    hasWarningHandler = mach_o::hasWarningHandler();
+    // don't use forEachDependentDylib, because it synthesizes libSystem.dylib
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        switch ( cmd->cmd ) {
+            case LC_LOAD_DYLIB:
+            case LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB:
+            case LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB:
+            case LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB: {
+                const dylib_command* dylibCmd = (dylib_command*)cmd;
+                const char*          loadPath = (char*)dylibCmd + dylibCmd->dylib.name.offset;
+                if ( (depCount < 256) && ( enforceNoDupDylibs || hasWarningHandler ) ) {
+                    for ( int i = 0; i < depCount; ++i ) {
+                        if ( strcmp(loadPath, depPaths[i]) == 0 ) {
+                            if ( enforceNoDupDylibs ) {
+                                dupDepError = Error("duplicate dependent dylib '%s'", loadPath);
+                                stop        = true;
+                            } else
+                                warning(this, "duplicate dependent dylib are deprecated ('%s')", loadPath);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    depPaths[depCount] = loadPath;
+                }
+                ++depCount;
+            } break;
+        }
+    });
+    if ( dupDepError )
+        return std::move(dupDepError);
+
+    // all new binaries must link with something
+    if ( this->isDyldManaged() && policy.enforceHasLinkedDylibs() && (depCount == 0) ) {
+        // except for dylibs in libSystem.dylib which are ok to link with nothing (they are on bottom)
+        const char* installName = this->installName();
+        bool isLibSystem = false;
+        if (installName != nullptr) {
+            if ( this->builtForPlatform(Platform::driverKit, true) ) {
+                const char* libSystemDir = "/System/DriverKit/usr/lib/system/";
+                if ( strncmp(installName, libSystemDir, strlen(libSystemDir)) != 0 )
+                    isLibSystem = true;
+            } else if ( this->platformAndVersions().platform.isExclaveKit() ) {
+                const char* libSystemDir = "/System/ExclaveKit/usr/lib/system/";
+                if ( strncmp(installName, libSystemDir, strlen(libSystemDir)) != 0 )
+                    isLibSystem = true;
+            } else {
+                const char* libSystemDir = "/usr/lib/system/";
+                if ( strncmp(installName, libSystemDir, strlen(libSystemDir)) != 0 )
+                    isLibSystem = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if ( !isLibSystem )
+            return Error("missing LC_LOAD_DYLIB (must link with at least libSystem.dylib)");
+    }
+    return Error::none();
+}
+
+Error Header::validSemanticsRPath(const Policy& policy) const
+{
+    const bool enforceNoDupRPath = policy.enforceNoDuplicateRPaths();
+    if ( !enforceNoDupRPath && !hasWarningHandler() )
+        return Error::none();
+
+    __block Error dupRPathError;
+    __block int   rpathCount = 0;
+    const char*   rpathsBuffer[64];
+    const char**  rpaths = rpathsBuffer;
+    forEachRPath(^(const char* rPath, bool& stop) {
+        if ( rpathCount < 64 ) {
+            for ( int i = 0; i < rpathCount; ++i ) {
+                if ( strcmp(rPath, rpaths[i]) == 0 ) {
+                    // rdar://115775065 (ld-prime warns about duplicate LC_RPATH in external libraries)
+                    // there's no need to warn here, only error when the policy should be enforced
+                    // it's because ld now filters out and warns about duplicate -rpath options when linking
+                    if ( enforceNoDupRPath ) {
+                        dupRPathError = Error("duplicate LC_RPATH '%s'", rPath);
+                        stop          = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            rpaths[rpathCount] = rPath;
+        }
+        ++rpathCount;
+    });
+    return std::move(dupRPathError);
+}
+
+#if !TARGET_OS_EXCLAVEKIT
+template <typename SG, typename SC>
+Error Header::validSegment(const Policy& policy, uint64_t wholeFileSize, const SG* seg) const
+{
+    if ( greaterThanAddOrOverflow(seg->fileoff, seg->filesize, wholeFileSize) )
+        return Error("segment '%s' load command content extends beyond end of file", seg->segname);
+
+    // <rdar://problem/19986776> dyld should support non-allocatable __LLVM segment
+    if ( !isObjectFile() ) {
+        if ( (seg->filesize > seg->vmsize) && ((seg->vmsize != 0) || ((seg->flags & SG_NORELOC) == 0)) )
+            return Error("segment '%s' filesize exceeds vmsize", seg->segname);
+    }
+
+    // check permission bits
+    if ( (seg->initprot & 0xFFFFFFF8) != 0 ) {
+        return Error("%s segment permissions has invalid bits set (0x%08X)", seg->segname, seg->initprot);
+    }
+    if ( policy.enforceTextSegmentPermissions() ) {
+        if ( (strcmp(seg->segname, "__TEXT") == 0) && (seg->initprot != (VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE)) )
+            return Error("__TEXT segment permissions is not 'r-x'");
+    }
+    if ( policy.enforceReadOnlyLinkedit() ) {
+        if ( (strcmp(seg->segname, "__LINKEDIT") == 0) && (seg->initprot != VM_PROT_READ) )
+            return Error("__LINKEDIT segment permissions is not 'r--'");
+    }
+    if ( policy.enforceDataSegmentPermissions() ) {
+        if ( (strcmp(seg->segname, "__DATA") == 0) && (seg->initprot != (VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE)) )
+            return Error("__DATA segment permissions is not 'rw-'");
+        if ( strcmp(seg->segname, "__DATA_CONST") == 0 ) {
+            if ( seg->initprot != (VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE) )
+                return Error("__DATA_CONST segment permissions is not 'rw-'");
+            if ( (seg->flags & SG_READ_ONLY) == 0 ) {
+                if ( this->isDylib() && this->hasSplitSegInfo() ) {
+                    // dylibs in dyld cache are allowed to not have SG_READ_ONLY set
+                }
+                else {
+                    return Error("__DATA_CONST segment missing SG_READ_ONLY flag");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // check for vmaddr wrapping
+    if ( (seg->vmaddr + seg->vmsize) < seg->vmaddr )
+        return Error("'%s' segment vm range wraps", seg->segname);
+
+    // check sections are within its segment
+    const SC* const sectionsStart = (SC*)((char*)seg + sizeof(SG));
+    const SC* const sectionsEnd   = &sectionsStart[seg->nsects];
+    for ( const SC* sect = sectionsStart; (sect < sectionsEnd); ++sect ) {
+        if ( (int64_t)(sect->size) < 0 ) {
+            return Error("section '%s' size too large 0x%lX", sect->sectname, (size_t)sect->size);
+        }
+        else if ( sect->addr < seg->vmaddr ) {
+            return Error("section '%s' start address 0x%lX is before containing segment's address 0x%0lX", sect->sectname, (size_t)sect->addr, (size_t)seg->vmaddr);
+        }
+        else if ( policy.enforceSectionsInSegment() && (sect->addr + sect->size > seg->vmaddr + seg->vmsize) ) {
+            return Error("section '%s' end address 0x%lX is beyond containing segment's end address 0x%0lX", sect->sectname, (size_t)(sect->addr + sect->size), (size_t)(seg->vmaddr + seg->vmsize));
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Error::none();
+}
+
+#endif // !TARGET_OS_EXCLAVEKIT
+struct Interval
+{
+    bool     overlaps(const Interval& other) const;
+    uint64_t start;
+    uint64_t end;
+};
+
+bool Interval::overlaps(const Interval& other) const
+{
+    return ((other.start < this->end) && (other.end > this->start));
+}
+
+Error Header::validSemanticsSegments(const Policy& policy, uint64_t fileSize) const
+{
+    // check each segment load command in isolation
+    struct SegRange
+    {
+        Interval    vm;
+        Interval    file;
+        const char* name;
+    };
+    STACK_ALLOC_OVERFLOW_SAFE_ARRAY(SegRange, ranges, 12);
+    __block Error     lcError;
+    __block bool      hasTEXT              = false;
+    __block bool      hasLINKEDIT          = false;
+    __block uint64_t segmentIndexText     = 0;
+    __block uint64_t segmentIndexLinkedit = 0;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 ) {
+            const segment_command_64* seg64 = (segment_command_64*)cmd;
+            if ( strcmp(seg64->segname, "__TEXT") == 0 ) {
+                hasTEXT          = true;
+                segmentIndexText = ranges.count();
+            }
+            else if ( strcmp(seg64->segname, "__LINKEDIT") == 0 ) {
+                hasLINKEDIT          = true;
+                segmentIndexLinkedit = ranges.count();
+            }
+            lcError = validSegment<segment_command_64, section_64>(policy, fileSize, seg64);
+            ranges.push_back({ { seg64->vmaddr, seg64->vmaddr + seg64->vmsize }, { seg64->fileoff, seg64->fileoff + seg64->filesize }, seg64->segname });
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT ) {
+            const segment_command* seg32 = (segment_command*)cmd;
+            if ( strcmp(seg32->segname, "__TEXT") == 0 ) {
+                hasTEXT          = true;
+                segmentIndexText = ranges.count();
+            }
+            else if ( strcmp(seg32->segname, "__LINKEDIT") == 0 ) {
+                hasLINKEDIT          = true;
+                segmentIndexLinkedit = ranges.count();
+            }
+            lcError = validSegment<segment_command, section>(policy, fileSize, seg32);
+            ranges.push_back({ { seg32->vmaddr, seg32->vmaddr + seg32->vmsize }, { seg32->fileoff, seg32->fileoff + seg32->filesize }, seg32->segname });
+        }
+        if ( lcError )
+            stop = true;
+    });
+    if ( lcError )
+        return std::move(lcError);
+
+    // dynamic binaries have further restrictions
+    if ( isDyldManaged() ) {
+        if ( hasTEXT ) {
+            if ( ranges[segmentIndexText].file.start != 0 )
+                return Error("__TEXT segment fileoffset is not zero");
+            const uint32_t headerAndLCSize = machHeaderSize() + mh.sizeofcmds;
+            if ( ranges[segmentIndexText].file.end < headerAndLCSize )
+                return Error("load commands do not fit in __TEXT segment");
+        }
+        else {
+            return Error("missing __TEXT segment");
+        }
+        // FIXME: LINKEDIT checks need to move to Analyzer
+        //if ( !hasLINKEDIT )
+        //    return Error("missing __LINKEDIT segment");
+    }
+
+    // check for overlapping segments, by looking at every possible pair of segments
+    for ( const SegRange& r1 : ranges ) {
+        for ( const SegRange& r2 : ranges ) {
+            if ( &r1 == &r2 )
+                continue;
+            if ( r1.vm.overlaps(r2.vm) )
+                return Error("vm range of segment '%s' overlaps segment '%s'", r1.name, r2.name);
+            if ( r1.file.overlaps(r2.file) )
+                return Error("file range of segment '%s' overlaps segment '%s'", r1.name, r2.name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // check segment load command order matches file content order which matches vm order
+    // skip dyld cache because segments are moved around too much
+    if ( policy.enforceSegmentOrderMatchesLoadCmds() && !inDyldCache() ) {
+        const SegRange* last = nullptr;
+        for ( const SegRange& r : ranges ) {
+            if ( last != nullptr ) {
+                if ( (r.file.start < last->file.start) && (r.file.start != r.file.end) )
+                    return Error("segment '%s' file offset out of order", r.name);
+                if ( r.vm.start < last->vm.start ) {
+                    if ( isFileSet() && (strcmp(r.name, "__PRELINK_INFO") == 0) ) {
+                        // __PRELINK_INFO may have no vmaddr set
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        return Error("segment '%s' vm address out of order", r.name);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            last = &r;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return Error::none();
+}
+
+Error Header::validSemanticsMain(const Policy& policy) const
+{
+    if ( this->inDyldCache() && policy.enforceMainFlagsCorrect() )
+        return Error("MH_EXECUTE has MH_DYLIB_IN_CACHE bit set");
+
+    // validate the correct number of LC_MAIN or LC_UNIXTHREAD
+    __block Error    lcError;
+    __block uint64_t startAddress              = 0;
+    __block const entry_point_command* mainCmd = nullptr;
+    __block const thread_command* threadCmd    = nullptr;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        switch ( cmd->cmd ) {
+            case LC_MAIN:
+                if ( mainCmd != nullptr )
+                    lcError = Error("multiple LC_MAIN load commands");
+                mainCmd = (entry_point_command*)cmd;
+                break;
+            case LC_UNIXTHREAD:
+                if ( threadCmd != nullptr )
+                    lcError = Error("multiple LC_UNIXTHREAD load commands");
+                threadCmd = (thread_command*)cmd;
+                if ( !entryAddrFromThreadCmd(threadCmd, startAddress) )
+                    lcError = Error("invalid LC_UNIXTHREAD");
+                break;
+        }
+    });
+    if ( lcError )
+        return std::move(lcError);
+    if ( (mainCmd != nullptr) && (threadCmd != nullptr) )
+        return Error("can't have LC_MAIN and LC_UNIXTHREAD load commands");
+    if ( this->builtForPlatform(Platform::driverKit) ) {
+        if ( (mainCmd != nullptr) || (threadCmd != nullptr) )
+            return Error("LC_MAIN not allowed for driverkit");
+    }
+    else {
+        if ( (mainCmd == nullptr) && (threadCmd == nullptr) )
+            return Error("missing LC_MAIN or LC_UNIXTHREAD in main executable");
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: validate LC_MAIN or LC_UNIXTHREAD points into executable segment
+    return Error::none();
+}
+
+Error Header::validSemanticsLinkerOptions(const Policy& policy) const
+{
+    __block Error     lcError;
+
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command *cmd, bool &stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_LINKER_OPTION ) {
+            const char*     begin = (char*)cmd + sizeof(linker_option_command);
+            const char*     end = (char*)cmd + cmd->cmdsize;
+            const uint32_t  count = ((linker_option_command*)cmd)->count;
+            for ( uint32_t i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
+                const char* next = begin + strlen(begin) + 1;
+                if ( next > end ) {
+                    lcError = Error("malformed LC_LINKER_OPTION command");
+                    stop = true;
+                    return;
+                }
+                begin = next;
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    return std::move(lcError);
+}
+
+Error Header::forEachLoadCommand(void (^callback)(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop)) const
+{
+    bool                stop      = false;
+    const load_command* startCmds = nullptr;
+    if ( mh.magic == MH_MAGIC_64 )
+        startCmds = (load_command*)((char*)this + sizeof(mach_header_64));
+    else if ( mh.magic == MH_MAGIC )
+        startCmds = (load_command*)((char*)this + sizeof(mach_header));
+    else if ( hasMachOBigEndianMagic() )
+        return Error("big endian mach-o file");
+    else {
+        const uint32_t* h = (uint32_t*)this;
+        return Error("file does not start with MH_MAGIC[_64]: 0x%08X 0x%08X", h[0], h[1]);
+    }
+    if ( mh.filetype > 12 )
+        return Error("unknown mach-o filetype (%u)", mh.filetype);
+    //    const uint32_t ptrSize = this->pointerSize();
+    const load_command* const cmdsEnd = (load_command*)((char*)startCmds + mh.sizeofcmds);
+    const load_command*       cmd     = startCmds;
+    for ( uint32_t i = 1; (i <= mh.ncmds) && !stop; ++i ) {
+        const load_command* nextCmd = (load_command*)((char*)cmd + cmd->cmdsize);
+        if ( cmd >= cmdsEnd ) {
+            return Error("malformed load command (%d of %d) at %p with mh=%p, off end of load commands", i, mh.ncmds, cmd, this);
+        }
+        if ( cmd->cmdsize < 8 ) {
+            return Error("malformed load command (%d of %d) at %p with mh=%p, size (0x%X) too small", i, mh.ncmds, cmd, this, cmd->cmdsize);
+        }
+#if 0
+        // check the cmdsize is pointer aligned
+        if ( checks.pointerAlignedLoadCommands ) {
+            if ( (cmd->cmdsize % ptrSize) != 0 ) {
+                return Error("malformed load command (%d of %d) at %p with mh=%p, size (0x%X) is not pointer sized", i, mh.ncmds, cmd, this, cmd->cmdsize);
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+        if ( (nextCmd > cmdsEnd) || (nextCmd < startCmds) ) {
+            return Error("malformed load command (%d of %d) at %p with mh=%p, size (0x%X) is too large, load commands end at %p", i, mh.ncmds, cmd, this, cmd->cmdsize, cmdsEnd);
+        }
+        callback(cmd, stop);
+        cmd = nextCmd;
+    }
+    return Error::none();
+}
+
+// This forEach is only used after the load commands have been validated, so no need to return Error and handle it
+void Header::forEachLoadCommandSafe(void (^callback)(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop)) const
+{
+    if ( Error err = forEachLoadCommand(callback) )
+        assert("Header::forEachLoadCommand()");
+}
+
+bool Header::hasLoadCommand(uint32_t cmdNum) const
+{
+    __block bool hasLC = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == cmdNum ) {
+            hasLC = true;
+            stop  = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return hasLC;
+}
+
+bool Header::isStaticExecutable() const
+{
+    if ( mh.filetype != MH_EXECUTE )
+        return false;
+
+    // static executables do not have dyld load command
+    return !hasLoadCommand(LC_LOAD_DYLINKER);
+}
+
+//
+// MARK: --- methods that read Platform load commands ---
+//
+
+void Header::forEachPlatformLoadCommand(void (^handler)(Platform platform, Version32 minOS, Version32 sdk)) const
+{
+    __block bool foundPlatform = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        const build_version_command* buildCmd = (build_version_command*)cmd;
+        const version_min_command*   versCmd  = (version_min_command*)cmd;
+        uint32_t                     sdk;
+        switch ( cmd->cmd ) {
+            case LC_BUILD_VERSION:
+                handler(Platform(buildCmd->platform), Version32(buildCmd->minos), Version32(buildCmd->sdk));
+                foundPlatform = true;
+                break;
+            case LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX:
+                sdk = versCmd->sdk;
+                // The original LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX did not have an sdk field, assume sdk is same as minOS for those old binaries
+                if ( sdk == 0 )
+                    sdk = versCmd->version;
+                handler(Platform::macOS, Version32(versCmd->version), Version32(sdk));
+                foundPlatform = true;
+                break;
+            case LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS:
+                if ( (mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_X86_64) || (mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_I386) )
+                    handler(Platform::iOS_simulator, Version32(versCmd->version), Version32(versCmd->sdk)); // old sim binary
+                else
+                    handler(Platform::iOS, Version32(versCmd->version), Version32(versCmd->sdk));
+                foundPlatform = true;
+                break;
+            case LC_VERSION_MIN_TVOS:
+                if ( mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_X86_64 )
+                    handler(Platform::tvOS_simulator, Version32(versCmd->version), Version32(versCmd->sdk)); // old sim binary
+                else
+                    handler(Platform::tvOS, Version32(versCmd->version), Version32(versCmd->sdk));
+                foundPlatform = true;
+                break;
+            case LC_VERSION_MIN_WATCHOS:
+                if ( (mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_X86_64) || (mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_I386) )
+                    handler(Platform::watchOS_simulator, Version32(versCmd->version), Version32(versCmd->sdk)); // old sim binary
+                else
+                    handler(Platform::watchOS, Version32(versCmd->version), Version32(versCmd->sdk));
+                foundPlatform = true;
+                break;
+        }
+    });
+#ifdef BUILDING_MACHO_WRITER
+    // no implicit platforms in static linker
+    // but for object files only, we need to support linking against old macos dylibs
+    if ( isObjectFile() )
+        return;
+#endif
+
+    if ( !foundPlatform ) {
+        // old binary with no explicit platform
+#if TARGET_OS_OSX
+        if ( (mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_X86_64) | (mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_I386) )
+            handler(Platform::macOS, Version32(10, 5), Version32(10, 5)); // guess it is a macOS 10.5 binary
+        // <rdar://problem/75343399>
+        // The Go linker emits non-standard binaries without a platform and we have to live with it.
+        if ( mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_ARM64 )
+            handler(Platform::macOS, Version32(11, 0), Version32(11, 0)); // guess it is a macOS 11.0 binary
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+bool Header::builtForPlatform(Platform reqPlatform, bool onlyOnePlatform) const
+{
+    PlatformAndVersions pvs = platformAndVersions();
+
+    if ( pvs.platform == reqPlatform )
+        return true;
+
+    if ( onlyOnePlatform )
+        return false;
+
+    __block bool match = false;
+    pvs.unzip(^(PlatformAndVersions pvers) {
+        match |= pvers.platform == reqPlatform;
+    });
+
+    return match;
+}
+
+bool Header::isZippered() const
+{
+    return platformAndVersions().platform == Platform::zippered;
+}
+
+bool Header::allowsAlternatePlatform() const
+{
+    __block bool result = false;
+    this->forEachSection(^(const SectionInfo& info, bool& stop) {
+        if ( (info.sectionName == "__allow_alt_plat") && info.segmentName.starts_with("__DATA") ) {
+            result = true;
+            stop   = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+const char* Header::installName() const
+{
+    const char* name;
+    Version32   compatVersion;
+    Version32   currentVersion;
+    if ( getDylibInstallName(&name, &compatVersion, &currentVersion) )
+        return name;
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+bool Header::getDylibInstallName(const char** installName, Version32* compatVersion, Version32* currentVersion) const
+{
+    __block bool found = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_ID_DYLIB ) {
+            const dylib_command* dylibCmd = (dylib_command*)cmd;
+            *compatVersion                = Version32(dylibCmd->dylib.compatibility_version);
+            *currentVersion               = Version32(dylibCmd->dylib.current_version);
+            *installName                  = (char*)dylibCmd + dylibCmd->dylib.name.offset;
+            found                         = true;
+            stop                          = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return found;
+}
+
+bool Header::getUuid(uuid_t uuid) const
+{
+    __block bool found = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_UUID ) {
+            const uuid_command* uc = (const uuid_command*)cmd;
+            memcpy(uuid, uc->uuid, sizeof(uuid_t));
+            found = true;
+            stop  = true;
+        }
+    });
+    if ( !found )
+        bzero(uuid, sizeof(uuid_t));
+    return found;
+}
+
+
+const char* Header::dependentDylibLoadPath(uint32_t depIndex) const
+{
+    __block uint32_t     curIndex  = 0;
+    __block const char*  result    = nullptr;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        switch ( cmd->cmd ) {
+            case LC_LOAD_DYLIB:
+            case LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB:
+            case LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB:
+            case LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB: {
+                const dylib_command* dylibCmd = (dylib_command*)cmd;
+                if ( curIndex == depIndex )
+                    result = (char*)dylibCmd + dylibCmd->dylib.name.offset;
+                ++curIndex;
+            } break;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+uint32_t Header::dependentDylibCount(bool* allDepsAreNormal) const
+{
+    if ( allDepsAreNormal != nullptr )
+        *allDepsAreNormal = true;
+    __block unsigned count   = 0;
+    this->forEachDependentDylib(^(const char* loadPath, DependentDylibAttributes kind, Version32 , Version32 , bool& stop) {
+        if ( allDepsAreNormal != nullptr ) {
+            if ( kind != DependentDylibAttributes::regular )
+                *allDepsAreNormal = false;  // record if any linkages were weak, re-export, upward, or delay-init
+        }
+        ++count;
+    });
+    return count;
+}
+
+DependentDylibAttributes Header::loadCommandToDylibKind(const dylib_command* dylibCmd)
+{
+    DependentDylibAttributes attr;
+    const dylib_use_command* dylib2Cmd = (dylib_use_command*)dylibCmd;
+    if ( (dylib2Cmd->marker == 0x1a741800) && (dylib2Cmd->nameoff == sizeof(dylib_use_command)) ) {
+        attr.raw = (uint8_t)dylib2Cmd->flags;
+        return attr;
+    }
+    switch ( dylibCmd->cmd ) {
+        case LC_LOAD_DYLIB:
+            return attr;
+        case LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB:
+            attr.weakLink = true;
+            return attr;
+        case LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB:
+            attr.reExport = true;
+            return attr;
+        case LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB:
+            attr.upward = true;
+            return attr;
+    }
+    assert(0 && "not a dylib load command");
+}
+
+void Header::forEachDependentDylib(void (^callback)(const char* loadPath, DependentDylibAttributes kind,
+                                                    Version32 compatVersion, Version32 curVersion, bool& stop)) const
+{
+    __block unsigned count   = 0;
+    __block bool     stopped = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        switch ( cmd->cmd ) {
+            case LC_LOAD_DYLIB:
+            case LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB:
+            case LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB:
+            case LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB: {
+                const dylib_command* dylibCmd = (dylib_command*)cmd;
+                const char*          loadPath = (char*)dylibCmd + dylibCmd->dylib.name.offset;
+                callback(loadPath, loadCommandToDylibKind(dylibCmd), Version32(dylibCmd->dylib.compatibility_version), Version32(dylibCmd->dylib.current_version), stop);
+                ++count;
+                if ( stop )
+                    stopped = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    });
+#if BUILDING_DYLD
+    // everything must link with something
+    if ( (count == 0) && !stopped ) {
+        // The dylibs that make up libSystem can link with nothing
+        // except for dylibs in libSystem.dylib which are ok to link with nothing (they are on bottom)
+        if ( this->builtForPlatform(Platform::driverKit, true) ) {
+            if ( !this->isDylib() || (strncmp(this->installName(), "/System/DriverKit/usr/lib/system/", 33) != 0) )
+                callback("/System/DriverKit/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib", DependentDylibAttributes::regular, Version32(1, 0), Version32(1, 0), stopped);
+        } else if ( this->platformAndVersions().platform.isExclaveKit() ) {
+            if ( !this->isDylib() || (strncmp(this->installName(), "/System/ExclaveKit/usr/lib/system/", 34) != 0) )
+                callback("/System/ExclaveKit/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib", DependentDylibAttributes::regular, Version32(1, 0), Version32(1, 0), stopped);
+        }
+        else {
+            if ( !this->isDylib() || (strncmp(this->installName(), "/usr/lib/system/", 16) != 0) )
+                callback("/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib", DependentDylibAttributes::regular, Version32(1, 0), Version32(1, 0), stopped);
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+void Header::forDyldEnv(void (^callback)(const char* envVar, bool& stop)) const
+{
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_DYLD_ENVIRONMENT ) {
+            const dylinker_command* envCmd         = (dylinker_command*)cmd;
+            const char*             keyEqualsValue = (char*)envCmd + envCmd->name.offset;
+            // only process variables that start with DYLD_ and end in _PATH
+            if ( (strncmp(keyEqualsValue, "DYLD_", 5) == 0) ) {
+                const char* equals = strchr(keyEqualsValue, '=');
+                if ( equals != NULL ) {
+                    if ( strncmp(&equals[-5], "_PATH", 5) == 0 ) {
+                        callback(keyEqualsValue, stop);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+bool Header::entryAddrFromThreadCmd(const thread_command* cmd, uint64_t& addr) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* regs32 = (uint32_t*)(((char*)cmd) + 16);
+    const uint64_t* regs64 = (uint64_t*)(((char*)cmd) + 16);
+    uint32_t        flavor = *((uint32_t*)(((char*)cmd) + 8));
+    switch ( mh.cputype ) {
+        case CPU_TYPE_I386:
+            if ( flavor == 1 ) {   // i386_THREAD_STATE
+                addr = regs32[10]; // i386_thread_state_t.eip
+                return true;
+            }
+            break;
+        case CPU_TYPE_X86_64:
+            if ( flavor == 4 ) {   // x86_THREAD_STATE64
+                addr = regs64[16]; // x86_thread_state64_t.rip
+                return true;
+            }
+            break;
+        case CPU_TYPE_ARM:
+            if ( flavor == 1 ) {   // ARM_THREAD_STATE
+                addr = regs32[15]; // arm_thread_state_t.pc
+                return true;
+            }
+            break;
+        case CPU_TYPE_ARM64:
+            if ( flavor == 6 ) {   // ARM_THREAD_STATE64
+                addr = regs64[32]; // arm_thread_state64_t.__pc
+                return true;
+            }
+            break;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+// returns false if entry point not found
+bool Header::getEntry(uint64_t& offset, bool& usesCRT) const
+{
+    __block bool result = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_MAIN ) {
+            entry_point_command* mainCmd = (entry_point_command*)cmd;
+            offset                       = mainCmd->entryoff;
+            usesCRT                      = false;
+            result                       = true;
+            stop                         = true;
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_UNIXTHREAD ) {
+            uint64_t startAddress;
+            if ( entryAddrFromThreadCmd((thread_command*)cmd, startAddress) ) {
+                offset  = startAddress - preferredLoadAddress();
+                usesCRT = true;
+                result  = true;
+            }
+            stop = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool Header::hasCodeSignature(uint32_t& fileOffset, uint32_t& size) const
+{
+    __block bool result = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_CODE_SIGNATURE ) {
+            linkedit_data_command* sigCmd = (linkedit_data_command*)cmd;
+            fileOffset                    = sigCmd->dataoff;
+            size                          = sigCmd->datasize;
+            result                        = true;
+            stop                          = true;
+        }
+    });
+    // FIXME: may need to ignore codesigs from pre 10.9 macOS binaries
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool Header::hasIndirectSymbolTable(uint32_t& fileOffset, uint32_t& count) const
+{
+    __block bool result = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_DYSYMTAB) {
+            dysymtab_command* dySymCmd = (dysymtab_command*)cmd;
+            fileOffset  = dySymCmd->indirectsymoff;
+            count       = dySymCmd->nindirectsyms;
+            result      = true;
+            stop        = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool Header::hasSplitSegInfo() const
+{
+    __block bool result = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_SPLIT_INFO) {
+            result      = true;
+            stop        = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool Header::hasAtomInfo(uint32_t& fileOffset, uint32_t& size) const
+{
+    __block bool result = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_ATOM_INFO) {
+            linkedit_data_command* sigCmd = (linkedit_data_command*)cmd;
+            fileOffset                    = sigCmd->dataoff;
+            size                          = sigCmd->datasize;
+            result      = true;
+            stop        = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+uint32_t Header::segmentCount() const
+{
+    __block uint32_t count = 0;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        switch ( cmd->cmd ) {
+            case LC_SEGMENT:
+            case LC_SEGMENT_64:
+                ++count;
+                break;
+        }
+    });
+    return count;
+}
+
+uint64_t Header::preferredLoadAddress() const
+{
+    __block uint64_t textVmAddr = 0;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 ) {
+            const segment_command_64* segCmd = (segment_command_64*)cmd;
+            if ( strcmp(segCmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0 ) {
+                textVmAddr = segCmd->vmaddr;
+                stop = true;
+            }
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT ) {
+            const segment_command* segCmd = (segment_command*)cmd;
+            if ( strcmp(segCmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0 ) {
+                textVmAddr = segCmd->vmaddr;
+                stop = true;
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    return textVmAddr;
+}
+
+int64_t Header::getSlide() const
+{
+    return (long)this - (long)(this->preferredLoadAddress());
+}
+
+bool Header::hasDataConst() const
+{
+    __block bool result = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 ) {
+            const segment_command_64* segCmd = (segment_command_64*)cmd;
+            if ( (segCmd->flags & SG_READ_ONLY) != 0 )
+                result = true;
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT ) {
+            const segment_command* segCmd = (segment_command*)cmd;
+            if ( (segCmd->flags & SG_READ_ONLY) != 0 )
+                result = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::string_view Header::segmentName(uint32_t segIndex) const
+{
+    __block std::string_view result;
+    __block uint32_t    segCount = 0;
+    this->forEachSegment(^(const SegmentInfo& info, bool& stop) {
+        if ( segIndex == segCount ) {
+            result = info.segmentName;
+            stop   = true;
+        }
+        ++segCount;
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+// LC_SEGMENT stores names as char[16] potentially without a null terminator.  This returns a string_view for the given name
+static std::string_view name16(const char name[16])
+{
+    size_t length = strnlen(name, 16);
+    return std::string_view(name, length);
+}
+
+void Header::forEachSegment(void (^callback)(const SegmentInfo& infos, bool& stop)) const
+{
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 ) {
+            const segment_command_64* segCmd = (segment_command_64*)cmd;
+            SegmentInfo segInfo { .segmentName=name16(segCmd->segname), .vmaddr=segCmd->vmaddr, .vmsize=segCmd->vmsize,
+                .fileOffset=(uint32_t)segCmd->fileoff, .fileSize=(uint32_t)segCmd->filesize, .flags=segCmd->flags, .perms=(uint8_t)segCmd->initprot };
+            callback(segInfo, stop);
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT ) {
+            const segment_command* segCmd = (segment_command*)cmd;
+            SegmentInfo segInfo { .segmentName=name16(segCmd->segname), .vmaddr=segCmd->vmaddr, .vmsize=segCmd->vmsize,
+                .fileOffset=segCmd->fileoff, .fileSize=segCmd->filesize, .flags=segCmd->flags, .perms=(uint8_t)segCmd->initprot };
+            callback(segInfo, stop);
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+void Header::forEachSection(void (^callback)(const SectionInfo&, bool& stop)) const
+{
+    __block uint64_t prefLoadAddr = 0;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 ) {
+            const segment_command_64* segCmd        = (segment_command_64*)cmd;
+            if ( strcmp(segCmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0 )
+                prefLoadAddr = segCmd->vmaddr;
+            const section_64* const   sectionsStart = (section_64*)((char*)segCmd + sizeof(struct segment_command_64));
+            const section_64* const   sectionsEnd   = &sectionsStart[segCmd->nsects];
+
+            for ( const section_64* sect = sectionsStart; !stop && (sect < sectionsEnd); ++sect ) {
+                std::string_view sectName = name16(sect->sectname);
+                std::string_view segName = name16(sect->segname);
+                SectionInfo info = { segName, sectName, (uint32_t)segCmd->initprot, sect->flags, sect->align, sect->addr - prefLoadAddr, sect->size, sect->offset,
+                                     sect->reloff, sect->nreloc, sect->reserved1, sect->reserved2};
+                callback(info, stop);
+            }
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT ) {
+            const segment_command* segCmd        = (segment_command*)cmd;
+            if ( strcmp(segCmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0 )
+                prefLoadAddr = segCmd->vmaddr;
+            const section* const   sectionsStart = (section*)((char*)segCmd + sizeof(struct segment_command));
+            const section* const   sectionsEnd   = &sectionsStart[segCmd->nsects];
+            for ( const section* sect = sectionsStart; !stop && (sect < sectionsEnd); ++sect ) {
+                std::string_view sectName = name16(sect->sectname);
+                std::string_view segName = name16(sect->segname);
+                SectionInfo info = { segName, sectName, (uint32_t)segCmd->initprot, sect->flags, sect->align, sect->addr - prefLoadAddr, sect->size, sect->offset,
+                                     sect->reloff, sect->nreloc, sect->reserved1, sect->reserved2};
+                callback(info, stop);
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+// add any LINKEDIT content file-offset in load commands to this to get content
+const uint8_t* Header::computeLinkEditBias(bool zeroFillExpanded) const
+{
+    // When there is no zerofill expansion, just add fileoffset of LINKEDIT content to mach_header to get content
+    // If there is zerofill expansion, then zerofillExpansionAmount() needs to be added in too
+    if ( zeroFillExpanded )
+        return (uint8_t*)this + zerofillExpansionAmount();
+    else
+        return (uint8_t*)this;
+}
+
+// When loaded by dyld, LINKEDIT is farther from mach_header than in file
+bool Header::hasZerofillExpansion() const
+{
+    return (zerofillExpansionAmount() != 0);
+}
+
+uint64_t Header::zerofillExpansionAmount() const
+{
+    // need to find LINKEDIT and TEXT to compute difference of file offsets vs vm offsets
+    __block uint64_t result         = 0;
+    __block uint64_t textVmAddr     = 0;
+    __block uint64_t textFileOffset = 0;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 ) {
+            const segment_command_64* segCmd = (segment_command_64*)cmd;
+            if ( strcmp(segCmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0 ) {
+                textVmAddr     = segCmd->vmaddr;
+                textFileOffset = segCmd->fileoff;
+            }
+            else if ( strcmp(segCmd->segname, "__LINKEDIT") == 0 ) {
+                uint64_t vmOffsetToLinkedit   = segCmd->vmaddr - textVmAddr;
+                uint64_t fileOffsetToLinkedit = segCmd->fileoff;
+                result                        = vmOffsetToLinkedit - fileOffsetToLinkedit;
+                stop                          = true;
+            }
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT ) {
+            const segment_command* segCmd = (segment_command*)cmd;
+            if ( strcmp(segCmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0 ) {
+                textVmAddr     = segCmd->vmaddr;
+                textFileOffset = segCmd->fileoff;
+            }
+            else if ( strcmp(segCmd->segname, "__LINKEDIT") == 0 ) {
+                uint64_t vmOffsetToLinkedit   = segCmd->vmaddr - textVmAddr;
+                uint64_t fileOffsetToLinkedit = segCmd->fileoff - textFileOffset;
+                result                        = vmOffsetToLinkedit - fileOffsetToLinkedit;
+                stop                          = true;
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool Header::hasCustomStackSize(uint64_t& size) const {
+    __block bool result = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_MAIN ) {
+            const entry_point_command* entryPointCmd = (entry_point_command*)cmd;
+            size    = entryPointCmd->stacksize;
+            result  = true;
+            stop    = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool Header::isRestricted() const
+{
+    __block bool result = false;
+    this->forEachSection(^(const SectionInfo& info, bool& stop) {
+        if ( (info.segmentName == "__RESTRICT") && (info.sectionName == "__restrict") ) {
+            result = true;
+            stop   = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool Header::hasInterposingTuples() const
+{
+    __block bool hasInterposing = false;
+    this->forEachSection(^(const SectionInfo& info, bool& stop) {
+        if ( ((info.flags & SECTION_TYPE) == S_INTERPOSING) || ((info.sectionName == "__interpose") && (info.segmentName.starts_with("__DATA") || info.segmentName.starts_with("__AUTH"))) ) {
+            hasInterposing = true;
+            stop           = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return hasInterposing;
+}
+
+bool Header::hasObjC() const
+{
+    __block bool hasObjCInfo = false;
+    this->forEachSection(^(const SectionInfo& info, bool& stop) {
+        if ( (info.sectionName == "__objc_imageinfo") && info.segmentName.starts_with("__DATA") ) {
+            hasObjCInfo = true;
+            stop        = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return hasObjCInfo;
+}
+
+bool Header::hasEncryptionInfo(uint32_t& cryptId, uint32_t& textOffset, uint32_t& size) const
+{
+    if ( const encryption_info_command* encCmd = findFairPlayEncryptionLoadCommand() ) {
+        cryptId = encCmd->cryptid;
+        textOffset = encCmd->cryptoff;
+        size       = encCmd->cryptsize;
+        return true;
+    }
+    textOffset = 0;
+    size       = 0;
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool Header::isFairPlayEncrypted(uint32_t& textOffset, uint32_t& size) const
+{
+    // Note: cryptid is 0 in just-built apps.  The AppStore sets cryptid to 1
+    uint32_t cryptId = 0;
+    return hasEncryptionInfo(cryptId, textOffset, size) && cryptId == 1;
+}
+
+bool Header::canBeFairPlayEncrypted() const
+{
+    return (findFairPlayEncryptionLoadCommand() != nullptr);
+}
+
+const encryption_info_command* Header::findFairPlayEncryptionLoadCommand() const
+{
+    __block const encryption_info_command* result = nullptr;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( (cmd->cmd == LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO) || (cmd->cmd == LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64) ) {
+            result = (encryption_info_command*)cmd;
+            stop   = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool Header::hasChainedFixups() const
+{
+    // arm64e always uses chained fixups
+    if ( Architecture(&mh) == Architecture::arm64e ) {
+        // Not all binaries have fixups at all so check for the load commands
+        return hasLoadCommand(LC_DYLD_INFO_ONLY) || hasLoadCommand(LC_DYLD_CHAINED_FIXUPS);
+    }
+    return hasLoadCommand(LC_DYLD_CHAINED_FIXUPS);
+}
+
+bool Header::hasChainedFixupsLoadCommand() const
+{
+    return hasLoadCommand(LC_DYLD_CHAINED_FIXUPS);
+}
+
+bool Header::hasOpcodeFixups() const
+{
+    return hasLoadCommand(LC_DYLD_INFO_ONLY) || hasLoadCommand(LC_DYLD_INFO);
+}
+
+void Header::forEachRPath(void (^callback)(const char* rPath, bool& stop)) const
+{
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_RPATH ) {
+            const char* rpath = (char*)cmd + ((struct rpath_command*)cmd)->path.offset;
+            callback(rpath, stop);
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+void Header::forEachLinkerOption(void (^callback)(const char* opt, bool& stop)) const
+{
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command *cmd, bool &stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_LINKER_OPTION ) {
+            const char*     begin = (char*)cmd + sizeof(linker_option_command);
+            const uint32_t  count = ((linker_option_command*)cmd)->count;
+            for ( uint32_t i = 0; i < count; ++i ) {
+                const char* next = begin + strlen(begin) + 1;
+                callback(begin, stop);
+                begin = next;
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+void Header::forAllowableClient(void (^callback)(const char* clientName, bool& stop)) const
+{
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SUB_CLIENT ) {
+            const char* clientName = (char*)cmd + ((struct sub_client_command*)cmd)->client.offset;
+            callback(clientName, stop);
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+const char* Header::umbrellaName() const
+{
+    __block const char* result = nullptr;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SUB_FRAMEWORK ) {
+            result = (char*)cmd + ((struct sub_framework_command*)cmd)->umbrella.offset;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+uint32_t Header::headerAndLoadCommandsSize() const
+{
+    return machHeaderSize() + mh.sizeofcmds;
+}
+
+uint32_t Header::fileSize() const
+{
+    if ( isObjectFile() ) {
+        // .o files do not have LINKEDIT segment, so use end of symbol table as file size
+        __block uint32_t size = 0;
+        forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+            if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SYMTAB ) {
+                const symtab_command* symTab = (symtab_command*)cmd;
+                size = symTab->stroff + symTab->strsize;
+                stop = true;
+            }
+        });
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    // compute file size from LINKEDIT fileoffset + filesize
+    __block uint32_t lastSegmentOffset = 0;
+    __block uint32_t lastSegmentSize = 0;
+    forEachSegment(^(const SegmentInfo &infos, bool &stop) {
+        if ( infos.fileOffset >= lastSegmentOffset ) {
+            lastSegmentOffset = infos.fileOffset;
+            lastSegmentSize = std::max(infos.fileSize, lastSegmentSize);
+        }
+    });
+    if ( lastSegmentSize == 0 )
+        return headerAndLoadCommandsSize();
+
+    uint32_t size;
+    if ( __builtin_add_overflow(lastSegmentOffset, lastSegmentSize, &size)
+        || size < headerAndLoadCommandsSize() )
+        assert("malformed mach-o, size smaller than header and load commands");
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+//
+// MARK: --- methods that create and modify ---
+//
+
+#if BUILDING_MACHO_WRITER
+
+Header* Header::make(std::span<uint8_t> buffer, uint32_t filetype, uint32_t flags, Architecture arch, bool addImplicitTextSegment)
+{
+    const size_t minHeaderAlignment = filetype == MH_OBJECT ? 8 : getpagesize();
+    assert(((uint64_t)buffer.data() & (minHeaderAlignment - 1)) == 0);
+    assert(buffer.size() >= sizeof(mach_header_64));
+    bzero(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+    Header& header = *(Header*)buffer.data();
+    mach_header& mh = header.mh;
+    if ( arch.isBigEndian() ) {
+        mh.magic      = arch.is64() ? MH_CIGAM_64 : MH_CIGAM;
+        mh.filetype   = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(filetype);
+        mh.ncmds      = 0;
+        mh.sizeofcmds = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(MH_NOUNDEFS | MH_DYLDLINK | MH_TWOLEVEL);
+        mh.flags      = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(flags);
+        arch.set(mh);
+        return &header; // can only construct mach_header for big-endian
+    }
+    else {
+        mh.magic      = arch.is64() ? MH_MAGIC_64 : MH_MAGIC;
+        mh.filetype   = filetype;
+        mh.ncmds      = 0;
+        mh.sizeofcmds = 0;
+        mh.flags      = flags;
+        arch.set(mh);
+    }
+    if ( addImplicitTextSegment && (filetype != MH_OBJECT) ) {
+        SegmentInfo segInfo { .segmentName="__TEXT", .vmaddr=0, .vmsize=0x1000, .fileOffset=0, .fileSize=0x1000, .perms=(VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE) };
+        header.addSegment(segInfo, std::array { "__text" });
+    }
+
+    return &header;
+}
+
+void Header::save(char savedPath[PATH_MAX]) const
+{
+    ::strcpy(savedPath, "/tmp/mocko-XXXXXX");
+    int fd = ::mkstemp(savedPath);
+    if ( fd != -1 ) {
+        ::pwrite(fd, this, sizeof(Header), 0);
+        ::close(fd);
+    }
+}
+
+uint32_t Header::pointerAligned(uint32_t value) const
+{
+    // mach-o requires all load command sizes to be a multiple the pointer size
+    if ( is64() )
+        return ((value + 7) & (-8));
+    else
+        return ((value + 3) & (-4));
+}
+
+load_command* Header::firstLoadCommand()
+{
+    if ( mh.magic == MH_MAGIC )
+        return (load_command*)((uint8_t*)this + sizeof(mach_header));
+    else
+        return (load_command*)((uint8_t*)this + sizeof(mach_header_64));
+}
+
+// creates space for a new load command, but does not fill in its payload
+load_command* Header::appendLoadCommand(uint32_t cmd, uint32_t cmdSize)
+{
+    load_command* thisCmd = (load_command*)((uint8_t*)firstLoadCommand() + mh.sizeofcmds);
+    thisCmd->cmd          = cmd;
+    thisCmd->cmdsize      = cmdSize;
+    mh.ncmds += 1;
+    mh.sizeofcmds += cmdSize;
+
+    return thisCmd;
+}
+
+// copies a new load command from another
+void Header::appendLoadCommand(const load_command* lc)
+{
+    load_command* thisCmd = (load_command*)((uint8_t*)firstLoadCommand() + mh.sizeofcmds);
+    ::memcpy(thisCmd, lc, lc->cmdsize);
+    mh.ncmds += 1;
+    mh.sizeofcmds += lc->cmdsize;
+}
+
+void Header::addBuildVersion(Platform platform, Version32 minOS, Version32 sdk, std::span<const build_tool_version> tools)
+{
+    assert(platform != Platform::zippered && "can't add a build command for Platform::zippered, it must be split");
+    uint32_t               lcSize = (uint32_t)(sizeof(build_version_command) + tools.size() * sizeof(build_tool_version));
+    build_version_command* bv     = (build_version_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_BUILD_VERSION, lcSize);
+    bv->platform = platform.value();
+    bv->minos    = minOS.value();
+    bv->sdk      = sdk.value();
+    bv->ntools   = (uint32_t)tools.size();
+    if ( bv->ntools != 0 )
+        memcpy((uint8_t*)bv + sizeof(build_version_command), &tools[0], tools.size() * sizeof(build_tool_version));
+}
+
+void Header::addMinVersion(Platform platform, Version32 minOS, Version32 sdk)
+{
+    version_min_command vc;
+    vc.cmdsize = sizeof(version_min_command);
+    vc.version = minOS.value();
+    vc.sdk     = sdk.value();
+    if ( platform == Platform::macOS )
+        vc.cmd = LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX;
+    else if ( (platform == Platform::iOS) || (platform == Platform::iOS_simulator) )
+        vc.cmd = LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS;
+    else if ( (platform == Platform::watchOS) || (platform == Platform::watchOS_simulator) )
+        vc.cmd = LC_VERSION_MIN_WATCHOS;
+    else if ( (platform == Platform::tvOS) || (platform == Platform::tvOS_simulator) )
+        vc.cmd = LC_VERSION_MIN_TVOS;
+    else
+        assert(0 && "unknown platform");
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&vc);
+}
+
+void Header::setHasThreadLocalVariables()
+{
+    assert(mh.filetype != MH_OBJECT);
+    mh.flags |= MH_HAS_TLV_DESCRIPTORS;
+}
+
+void Header::setHasWeakDefs()
+{
+    assert(mh.filetype != MH_OBJECT);
+    mh.flags |= MH_WEAK_DEFINES;
+}
+
+void Header::setUsesWeakDefs()
+{
+    assert(mh.filetype != MH_OBJECT);
+    mh.flags |= MH_BINDS_TO_WEAK;
+}
+
+void Header::setAppExtensionSafe()
+{
+    assert(mh.filetype == MH_DYLIB);
+    mh.flags |= MH_APP_EXTENSION_SAFE;
+}
+
+void Header::setSimSupport()
+{
+    assert(mh.filetype == MH_DYLIB);
+    mh.flags |= MH_SIM_SUPPORT;
+}
+
+void Header::setNoReExportedDylibs()
+{
+    assert(mh.filetype == MH_DYLIB);
+    mh.flags |= MH_NO_REEXPORTED_DYLIBS;
+}
+
+void Header::addPlatformInfo(Platform platform, Version32 minOS, Version32 sdk, std::span<const build_tool_version> tools)
+{
+    Architecture arch(&mh);
+    Policy policy(arch, { platform, minOS, sdk }, mh.filetype);
+    switch ( policy.useBuildVersionLoadCommand() ) {
+        case Policy::preferUse:
+        case Policy::mustUse:
+            // three macOS dylibs under libSystem need to be built with old load commands to support old simulator runtimes
+            if ( isSimSupport() && (platform == Platform::macOS) && ((arch == Architecture::x86_64) || (arch == Architecture::i386)) )
+                addMinVersion(platform, minOS, sdk);
+            else
+                addBuildVersion(platform, minOS, sdk, tools);
+            break;
+        case Policy::preferDontUse:
+        case Policy::mustNotUse:
+            addMinVersion(platform, minOS, sdk);
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void Header::addNullUUID()
+{
+    uuid_command uc;
+    uc.cmd     = LC_UUID;
+    uc.cmdsize = sizeof(uuid_command);
+    bzero(uc.uuid, 16);
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&uc);
+}
+
+void Header::addUniqueUUID(uuid_t copyOfUUID)
+{
+    uuid_command uc;
+    uc.cmd     = LC_UUID;
+    uc.cmdsize = sizeof(uuid_command);
+    uuid_generate_random(uc.uuid);
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&uc);
+    if ( copyOfUUID )
+        memcpy(copyOfUUID, uc.uuid, sizeof(uuid_t));
+}
+
+void Header::updateUUID(uuid_t uuid)
+{
+    __block bool found = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command *cmd, bool &stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_UUID ) {
+            memcpy(((uuid_command*)cmd)->uuid, uuid, 16);
+            found = true;
+            stop = true;
+        }
+    });
+    assert(found && "updateUUID called without a LC_UUID command");
+}
+
+void Header::addSegment(const SegmentInfo& info, std::span<const char* const> sectionNames)
+{
+    if ( is64() ) {
+        uint32_t            lcSize = (uint32_t)(sizeof(segment_command_64) + sectionNames.size() * sizeof(section_64));
+        segment_command_64* sc     = (segment_command_64*)appendLoadCommand(LC_SEGMENT_64, lcSize);
+        strncpy(sc->segname, info.segmentName.data(), 16);
+        sc->vmaddr             = info.vmaddr;
+        sc->vmsize             = info.vmsize;
+        sc->fileoff            = info.fileOffset;
+        sc->filesize           = info.fileSize;
+        sc->initprot           = info.perms;
+        sc->maxprot            = info.perms;
+        sc->nsects             = (uint32_t)sectionNames.size();
+        sc->flags              = info.flags;
+        section_64* const sect = (section_64*)((uint8_t*)sc + sizeof(struct segment_command_64));
+        uint32_t sectionIndex  = 0;
+        for ( const char* sectName : sectionNames ) {
+            strncpy(sect[sectionIndex].segname, info.segmentName.data(), 16);
+            strncpy(sect[sectionIndex].sectname, sectName, 16);
+            ++sectionIndex;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        uint32_t         lcSize = (uint32_t)(sizeof(segment_command) + sectionNames.size() * sizeof(section));
+        segment_command* sc     = (segment_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_SEGMENT, lcSize);
+        strncpy(sc->segname, info.segmentName.data(), 16);
+        sc->vmaddr             = (uint32_t)info.vmaddr;
+        sc->vmsize             = (uint32_t)info.vmsize;
+        sc->fileoff            = info.fileOffset;
+        sc->filesize           = info.fileSize;
+        sc->initprot           = info.perms;
+        sc->maxprot            = info.perms;
+        sc->nsects             = (uint32_t)sectionNames.size();
+        sc->flags              = info.flags;
+        section* const sect = (section*)((uint8_t*)sc + sizeof(struct segment_command));
+        uint32_t sectionIndex  = 0;
+        for ( const char* sectName : sectionNames ) {
+            strncpy(sect[sectionIndex].segname, info.segmentName.data(), 16);
+            strncpy(sect[sectionIndex].sectname, sectName, 16);
+            ++sectionIndex;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void Header::updateSection(const SectionInfo& info)
+{
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 ) {
+            segment_command_64* segCmd = (segment_command_64*)cmd;
+            if (info.segmentName == segCmd->segname) {
+                section_64* const  sectionsStart = (section_64*)((char*)segCmd + sizeof(struct segment_command_64));
+                section_64* const  sectionsEnd   = &sectionsStart[segCmd->nsects];
+                for ( section_64* sect=sectionsStart; sect < sectionsEnd; ++sect ) {
+                    if ( strncmp(info.sectionName.data(), sect->sectname, 16) == 0 ) {
+                        sect->addr      = info.address;
+                        sect->size      = info.size;
+                        sect->offset    = info.fileOffset;
+                        sect->align     = info.alignment;
+                        sect->reloff    = info.relocsOffset;
+                        sect->nreloc    = info.relocsCount;
+                        sect->flags     = info.flags;
+                        sect->reserved1 = info.reserved1;
+                        sect->reserved2 = info.reserved2;
+                        sect->reserved3 = 0;
+                        stop = true;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT ) {
+            segment_command* segCmd = (segment_command*)cmd;
+            if (info.segmentName == segCmd->segname) {
+                section* const  sectionsStart = (section*)((char*)segCmd + sizeof(struct segment_command));
+                section* const  sectionsEnd   = &sectionsStart[segCmd->nsects];
+                for ( section* sect=sectionsStart; sect < sectionsEnd; ++sect ) {
+                    if ( strncmp(info.sectionName.data(), sect->sectname, 16) == 0 ) {
+                        sect->addr      = (uint32_t)info.address;
+                        sect->size      = (uint32_t)info.size;
+                        sect->offset    = info.fileOffset;
+                        sect->align     = info.alignment;
+                        sect->reloff    = info.relocsOffset;
+                        sect->nreloc    = info.relocsCount;
+                        sect->flags     = info.flags;
+                        sect->reserved1 = info.reserved1;
+                        sect->reserved2 = info.reserved2;
+                        stop = true;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+void Header::updateSegment(const SegmentInfo& info)
+{
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 ) {
+            segment_command_64* segCmd = (segment_command_64*)cmd;
+            if (info.segmentName == segCmd->segname) {
+                segCmd->vmaddr             = info.vmaddr;
+                segCmd->vmsize             = info.vmsize;
+                segCmd->fileoff            = info.fileOffset;
+                segCmd->filesize           = info.fileSize;
+                segCmd->initprot           = info.perms;
+                segCmd->maxprot            = info.perms;
+                stop = true;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT ) {
+            segment_command* segCmd = (segment_command*)cmd;
+            if (info.segmentName == segCmd->segname) {
+                segCmd->vmaddr             = (uint32_t)info.vmaddr;
+                segCmd->vmsize             = (uint32_t)info.vmsize;
+                segCmd->fileoff            = info.fileOffset;
+                segCmd->filesize           = info.fileSize;
+                segCmd->initprot           = info.perms;
+                segCmd->maxprot            = info.perms;
+                stop = true;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+
+void Header::addInstallName(const char* name, Version32 compatVers, Version32 currentVersion)
+{
+    uint32_t       alignedSize      = pointerAligned((uint32_t)(sizeof(dylib_command) + strlen(name) + 1));
+    dylib_command* ic               = (dylib_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_ID_DYLIB, alignedSize);
+    ic->dylib.name.offset           = sizeof(dylib_command);
+    ic->dylib.current_version       = currentVersion.value();
+    ic->dylib.compatibility_version = compatVers.value();
+    strcpy((char*)ic + ic->dylib.name.offset, name);
+}
+
+void Header::addDependentDylib(const char* path, DependentDylibAttributes depAttrs, Version32 compatVers, Version32 currentVersion)
+{
+    uint32_t cmd = 0;
+    if (      depAttrs == DependentDylibAttributes::regular )
+        cmd = LC_LOAD_DYLIB;
+    else if ( depAttrs == DependentDylibAttributes::justWeakLink )
+        cmd = LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB;
+    else if ( depAttrs == DependentDylibAttributes::justUpward )
+        cmd = LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB;
+    else if ( depAttrs == DependentDylibAttributes::justReExport )
+        cmd = LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB;
+
+    if ( cmd ) {
+        // make traditional load command
+        uint32_t       alignedSize = pointerAligned((uint32_t)(sizeof(dylib_command) + strlen(path) + 1));
+        dylib_command* dc          = (dylib_command*)appendLoadCommand(cmd, alignedSize);
+        dc->dylib.name.offset           = sizeof(dylib_command);
+        dc->dylib.current_version       = currentVersion.value();
+        dc->dylib.compatibility_version = compatVers.value();
+        dc->dylib.timestamp             = 2; // needs to be some constant value that is different than dylib id load command;
+        strcpy((char*)dc + dc->dylib.name.offset, path);
+    }
+    else {
+        // make new style load command with extra flags field
+        if ( depAttrs.weakLink )
+            cmd = LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB;
+        else
+            cmd = LC_LOAD_DYLIB;
+        uint32_t        alignedSize = pointerAligned((uint32_t)(sizeof(dylib_use_command) + strlen(path) + 1));
+        dylib_use_command* dc          = (dylib_use_command*)appendLoadCommand(cmd, alignedSize);
+        dc->nameoff               = sizeof(dylib_use_command);
+        dc->current_version       = currentVersion.value();
+        dc->compat_version        = 0x00010000; // unused, but looks like 1.0 to old tools
+        dc->marker                = 0x1a741800; // magic value that means dylib_use_command
+        dc->flags                 = depAttrs.raw;
+        strcpy((char*)dc + dc->nameoff, path);
+    }
+}
+
+void Header::addLibSystem()
+{
+    addDependentDylib("/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib");
+}
+
+void Header::addDylibId(CString name, Version32 compatVers, Version32 currentVersion)
+{
+    uint32_t       alignedSize          = pointerAligned((uint32_t)(sizeof(dylib_command) + name.size() + 1));
+    dylib_command* dc                   = (dylib_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_ID_DYLIB, alignedSize);
+    dc->dylib.name.offset               = sizeof(dylib_command);
+    dc->dylib.timestamp                 = 1; // needs to be some constant value that is different than dependent dylib
+    dc->dylib.current_version           = currentVersion.value();
+    dc->dylib.compatibility_version     = compatVers.value();
+    strcpy((char*)dc + dc->dylib.name.offset, name.c_str());
+}
+
+void Header::addDyldID()
+{
+    const char* path = "/usr/lib/dyld";
+    uint32_t       alignedSize = pointerAligned((uint32_t)(sizeof(dylinker_command) + strlen(path) + 1));
+    dylinker_command* dc       = (dylinker_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_ID_DYLINKER, alignedSize);
+    dc->name.offset = sizeof(dylinker_command);
+    strcpy((char*)dc + dc->name.offset, path);
+}
+
+void Header::addDynamicLinker()
+{
+    const char* path = "/usr/lib/dyld";
+    uint32_t       alignedSize = pointerAligned((uint32_t)(sizeof(dylinker_command) + strlen(path) + 1));
+    dylinker_command* dc       = (dylinker_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_LOAD_DYLINKER, alignedSize);
+    dc->name.offset = sizeof(dylinker_command);
+    strcpy((char*)dc + dc->name.offset, path);
+}
+
+void Header::addFairPlayEncrypted(uint32_t offset, uint32_t size)
+{
+    if ( is64() ) {
+        encryption_info_command_64 en64;
+        en64.cmd       = LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64;
+        en64.cmdsize   = sizeof(encryption_info_command_64);
+        en64.cryptoff  = offset;
+        en64.cryptsize = size;
+        en64.cryptid   = 0;
+        en64.pad       = 0;
+        appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&en64);
+    }
+    else {
+        encryption_info_command en32;
+        en32.cmd       = LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO;
+        en32.cmdsize   = sizeof(encryption_info_command);
+        en32.cryptoff  = offset;
+        en32.cryptsize = size;
+        en32.cryptid   = 0;
+        appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&en32);
+    }
+}
+
+void Header::addRPath(const char* path)
+{
+    uint32_t       alignedSize = pointerAligned((uint32_t)(sizeof(rpath_command) + strlen(path) + 1));
+    rpath_command* rc          = (rpath_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_RPATH, alignedSize);
+    rc->path.offset            = sizeof(rpath_command);
+    strcpy((char*)rc + rc->path.offset, path);
+}
+
+void Header::addDyldEnvVar(const char* path)
+{
+    uint32_t          alignedSize = pointerAligned((uint32_t)(sizeof(dylinker_command) + strlen(path) + 1));
+    dylinker_command* dc          = (dylinker_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_DYLD_ENVIRONMENT, alignedSize);
+    dc->name.offset               = sizeof(dylinker_command);
+    strcpy((char*)dc + dc->name.offset, path);
+}
+
+void Header::addAllowableClient(const char* clientName)
+{
+    uint32_t            alignedSize = pointerAligned((uint32_t)(sizeof(sub_client_command) + strlen(clientName) + 1));
+    sub_client_command* ac          = (sub_client_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_SUB_CLIENT, alignedSize);
+    ac->client.offset               = sizeof(sub_client_command);
+    strcpy((char*)ac + ac->client.offset, clientName);
+}
+
+void Header::addUmbrellaName(const char* umbrellaName)
+{
+    uint32_t            alignedSize = pointerAligned((uint32_t)(sizeof(sub_framework_command) + strlen(umbrellaName) + 1));
+    sub_framework_command* ac       = (sub_framework_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_SUB_FRAMEWORK, alignedSize);
+    ac->umbrella.offset             = sizeof(sub_framework_command);
+    strcpy((char*)ac + ac->umbrella.offset, umbrellaName);
+}
+
+void Header::addSourceVersion(Version64 vers)
+{
+    source_version_command svc;
+    svc.cmd       = LC_SOURCE_VERSION;
+    svc.cmdsize   = sizeof(source_version_command);
+    svc.version   = vers.value();
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&svc);
+}
+
+void Header::setMain(uint32_t offset)
+{
+    entry_point_command ec;
+    ec.cmd       = LC_MAIN;
+    ec.cmdsize   = sizeof(entry_point_command);
+    ec.entryoff  = offset;
+    ec.stacksize = 0;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&ec);
+}
+
+void Header::setCustomStackSize(uint64_t stackSize) {
+    __block bool found = false;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if (cmd->cmd == LC_MAIN) {
+            entry_point_command* ec = (entry_point_command*)cmd;
+            ec->stacksize           = stackSize;
+            found                   = true;
+            stop                    = true;
+        }
+    });
+    assert(found);
+}
+
+void Header::setUnixEntry(uint64_t startAddr)
+{
+    // FIXME: support other archs
+    if ( (mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_ARM64) || (mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_ARM64_32) ) {
+        uint32_t   lcSize = 288;
+        uint32_t*  words     = (uint32_t*)appendLoadCommand(LC_UNIXTHREAD, lcSize);
+        words[2] = 6;   // flavor = ARM_THREAD_STATE64
+        words[3] = 68;  // count  = ARM_EXCEPTION_STATE64_COUNT
+        bzero(&words[4], lcSize-16);
+        *(uint64_t*)(&words[68]) = startAddr;  // register pc = startAddr
+    }
+    else if ( mh.cputype == CPU_TYPE_X86_64 ) {
+        uint32_t   lcSize = 184;
+        uint32_t*  words     = (uint32_t*)appendLoadCommand(LC_UNIXTHREAD, lcSize);
+        words[2] = 4;   // flavor = x86_THREAD_STATE64
+        words[3] = 42;  // count  = x86_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT
+        bzero(&words[4], lcSize-16);
+        *(uint64_t*)(&words[36]) = startAddr;  // register pc = startAddr
+    }
+    else {
+        assert(0 && "arch not supported");
+    }
+}
+
+void Header::addCodeSignature(uint32_t fileOffset, uint32_t fileSize)
+{
+    linkedit_data_command lc;
+    lc.cmd       = LC_CODE_SIGNATURE;
+    lc.cmdsize   = sizeof(linkedit_data_command);
+    lc.dataoff   = fileOffset;
+    lc.datasize  = fileSize;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&lc);
+}
+
+void Header::setBindOpcodesInfo(uint32_t rebaseOffset, uint32_t rebaseSize,
+                                uint32_t bindsOffset, uint32_t bindsSize,
+                                uint32_t weakBindsOffset, uint32_t weakBindsSize,
+                                uint32_t lazyBindsOffset, uint32_t lazyBindsSize,
+                                uint32_t exportTrieOffset, uint32_t exportTrieSize)
+{
+    dyld_info_command lc;
+    lc.cmd              = LC_DYLD_INFO_ONLY;
+    lc.cmdsize          = sizeof(dyld_info_command);
+    lc.rebase_off       = rebaseOffset;
+    lc.rebase_size      = rebaseSize;
+    lc.bind_off         = bindsOffset;
+    lc.bind_size        = bindsSize;
+    lc.weak_bind_off    = weakBindsOffset;
+    lc.weak_bind_size   = weakBindsSize;
+    lc.lazy_bind_off    = lazyBindsOffset;
+    lc.lazy_bind_size   = lazyBindsSize;
+    lc.export_off       = exportTrieOffset;
+    lc.export_size      = exportTrieSize;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&lc);
+}
+
+void Header::setChainedFixupsInfo(uint32_t cfOffset, uint32_t cfSize)
+{
+    linkedit_data_command lc;
+    lc.cmd       = LC_DYLD_CHAINED_FIXUPS;
+    lc.cmdsize   = sizeof(linkedit_data_command);
+    lc.dataoff   = cfOffset;
+    lc.datasize  = cfSize;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&lc);
+}
+
+void Header::setExportTrieInfo(uint32_t offset, uint32_t size)
+{
+    linkedit_data_command lc;
+    lc.cmd       = LC_DYLD_EXPORTS_TRIE;
+    lc.cmdsize   = sizeof(linkedit_data_command);
+    lc.dataoff   = offset;
+    lc.datasize  = size;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&lc);
+}
+
+void Header::setSplitSegInfo(uint32_t offset, uint32_t size)
+{
+    linkedit_data_command lc;
+    lc.cmd       = LC_SEGMENT_SPLIT_INFO;
+    lc.cmdsize   = sizeof(linkedit_data_command);
+    lc.dataoff   = offset;
+    lc.datasize  = size;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&lc);
+}
+
+void Header::setDataInCode(uint32_t offset, uint32_t size)
+{
+    linkedit_data_command lc;
+    lc.cmd       = LC_DATA_IN_CODE;
+    lc.cmdsize   = sizeof(linkedit_data_command);
+    lc.dataoff   = offset;
+    lc.datasize  = size;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&lc);
+}
+
+void Header::setFunctionStarts(uint32_t offset, uint32_t size)
+{
+    linkedit_data_command lc;
+    lc.cmd       = LC_FUNCTION_STARTS;
+    lc.cmdsize   = sizeof(linkedit_data_command);
+    lc.dataoff   = offset;
+    lc.datasize  = size;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&lc);
+}
+
+void Header::setAtomInfo(uint32_t offset, uint32_t size)
+{
+    linkedit_data_command lc;
+    lc.cmd       = LC_ATOM_INFO;
+    lc.cmdsize   = sizeof(linkedit_data_command);
+    lc.dataoff   = offset;
+    lc.datasize  = size;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&lc);
+}
+
+void Header::setSymbolTable(uint32_t nlistOffset, uint32_t nlistCount, uint32_t stringPoolOffset, uint32_t stringPoolSize,
+                            uint32_t localsCount, uint32_t globalsCount, uint32_t undefCount, uint32_t indOffset, uint32_t indCount)
+{
+    symtab_command stc;
+    stc.cmd       = LC_SYMTAB;
+    stc.cmdsize   = sizeof(symtab_command);
+    stc.symoff    = nlistOffset;
+    stc.nsyms     = nlistCount;
+    stc.stroff    = stringPoolOffset;
+    stc.strsize   = stringPoolSize;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&stc);
+
+    dysymtab_command dstc;
+    bzero(&dstc, sizeof(dstc));
+    dstc.cmd            = LC_DYSYMTAB;
+    dstc.cmdsize        = sizeof(dysymtab_command);
+    dstc.ilocalsym      = 0;
+    dstc.nlocalsym      = localsCount;
+    dstc.iextdefsym     = localsCount;
+    dstc.nextdefsym     = globalsCount;
+    dstc.iundefsym      = localsCount+globalsCount;
+    dstc.nundefsym      = undefCount;
+    dstc.indirectsymoff = indOffset;
+    dstc.nindirectsyms  = indCount;
+    appendLoadCommand((load_command*)&dstc);
+}
+
+void Header::addLinkerOption(std::span<uint8_t> buffer, uint32_t count)
+{
+    uint32_t cmdSize = pointerAligned(sizeof(linker_option_command) + (uint32_t)buffer.size());
+
+    linker_option_command* lc = (linker_option_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_LINKER_OPTION, cmdSize);
+    lc->cmd     = LC_LINKER_OPTION;
+    lc->cmdsize = cmdSize;
+    lc->count   = count;
+    memcpy((uint8_t*)(lc + 1), buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+}
+
+Header::LinkerOption Header::LinkerOption::make(std::span<CString> opts)
+{
+    LinkerOption out;
+    out.count = (uint32_t)opts.size();
+    assert(out.count == opts.size());
+    for ( CString option : opts ) {
+        if ( option.empty() )
+            continue;
+        size_t previousSize = out.buffer.size();
+        out.buffer.resize(previousSize + option.size() + 1);
+        option.strcpy((char*)out.buffer.data() + previousSize);
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+load_command* Header::findLoadCommand(uint32_t cmdNum)
+{
+    __block load_command* result = nullptr;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == cmdNum ) {
+            result = (load_command*)cmd;
+            stop   = true;
+        }
+    });
+    return result;
+}
+
+void Header::removeLoadCommand(void (^callback)(const load_command* cmd, bool& remove, bool& stop))
+{
+    bool                stop      = false;
+    const load_command* startCmds = nullptr;
+    if ( mh.magic == MH_MAGIC_64 )
+        startCmds = (load_command*)((char*)this + sizeof(mach_header_64));
+    else if ( mh.magic == MH_MAGIC )
+        startCmds = (load_command*)((char*)this + sizeof(mach_header));
+    else if ( hasMachOBigEndianMagic() )
+        return; // can't process big endian mach-o
+    else {
+        //const uint32_t* h = (uint32_t*)this;
+        //diag.error("file does not start with MH_MAGIC[_64]: 0x%08X 0x%08X", h[0], h [1]);
+        return; // not a mach-o file
+    }
+    const load_command* const cmdsEnd        = (load_command*)((char*)startCmds + mh.sizeofcmds);
+    auto                      cmd            = (load_command*)startCmds;
+    const uint32_t            origNcmds      = mh.ncmds;
+    unsigned                  bytesRemaining = mh.sizeofcmds;
+    for ( uint32_t i = 0; i < origNcmds; ++i ) {
+        bool remove  = false;
+        auto nextCmd = (load_command*)((char*)cmd + cmd->cmdsize);
+        if ( cmd->cmdsize < 8 ) {
+            //diag.error("malformed load command #%d of %d at %p with mh=%p, size (0x%X) too small", i, mh.ncmds, cmd, this, cmd->cmdsize);
+            return;
+        }
+        if ( (nextCmd > cmdsEnd) || (nextCmd < startCmds) ) {
+            //diag.error("malformed load command #%d of %d at %p with mh=%p, size (0x%X) is too large, load commands end at %p", i, mh.ncmds, cmd, this, cmd->cmdsize, cmdsEnd);
+            return;
+        }
+        callback(cmd, remove, stop);
+        if ( remove ) {
+            mh.sizeofcmds -= cmd->cmdsize;
+            ::memmove((void*)cmd, (void*)nextCmd, bytesRemaining);
+            mh.ncmds--;
+        }
+        else {
+            bytesRemaining -= cmd->cmdsize;
+            cmd = nextCmd;
+        }
+        if ( stop )
+            break;
+    }
+    if ( cmd )
+        ::bzero(cmd, bytesRemaining);
+}
+
+uint32_t Header::relocatableHeaderAndLoadCommandsSize(bool is64, uint32_t sectionCount, uint32_t platformsCount, std::span<const Header::LinkerOption> linkerOptions)
+{
+    uint32_t size =  0;
+    if ( is64 ) {
+        size += sizeof(mach_header_64);
+        size += sizeof(segment_command_64);
+        size += sizeof(section_64) * sectionCount;
+    }
+    else {
+        size += sizeof(mach_header);
+        size += sizeof(segment_command);
+        size += sizeof(section) * sectionCount;
+    }
+    size += sizeof(symtab_command);
+    size += sizeof(dysymtab_command);
+    size += sizeof(build_version_command) * platformsCount;
+    size += sizeof(linkedit_data_command);
+
+    for ( Header::LinkerOption opt : linkerOptions ) {
+        size += opt.lcSize();
+    }
+    return size;
+}
+
+void Header::setRelocatableSectionCount(uint32_t sectionCount)
+{
+    assert(mh.filetype == MH_OBJECT);
+    if ( is64() ) {
+        uint32_t            lcSize = (uint32_t)(sizeof(segment_command_64) + sectionCount * sizeof(section_64));
+        segment_command_64* sc = (segment_command_64*)appendLoadCommand(LC_SEGMENT_64, lcSize);
+        sc->segname[0]         = '\0';   // MH_OBJECT has one segment with no name
+        sc->vmaddr             = 0;
+        sc->vmsize             = 0;   // adjusted in updateRelocatableSegmentSize()
+        sc->fileoff            = 0;
+        sc->filesize           = 0;   // adjusted in updateRelocatableSegmentSize()
+        sc->initprot           = 7;
+        sc->maxprot            = 7;
+        sc->nsects             = sectionCount;
+        // section info to be filled in later by setRelocatableSectionInfo()
+        bzero((uint8_t*)sc + sizeof(segment_command_64), sectionCount * sizeof(section_64));
+    }
+    else {
+        uint32_t            lcSize = (uint32_t)(sizeof(segment_command) + sectionCount * sizeof(section));
+        segment_command* sc = (segment_command*)appendLoadCommand(LC_SEGMENT, lcSize);
+        sc->segname[0]         = '\0';   // MH_OBJECT has one segment with no name
+        sc->vmaddr             = 0;
+        sc->vmsize             = 0x1000; // FIXME: need dynamic segment layout
+        sc->fileoff            = 0;
+        sc->filesize           = 0x1000;
+        sc->initprot           = 7;
+        sc->maxprot            = 7;
+        sc->nsects             = sectionCount;
+        // section info to be filled in later by setRelocatableSectionInfo()
+        bzero((uint8_t*)sc + sizeof(segment_command), sectionCount * sizeof(struct section));
+    }
+}
+
+void Header::updateRelocatableSegmentSize(uint64_t vmSize, uint32_t fileSize)
+{
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT ) {
+            segment_command* sc = (segment_command*)cmd;
+            sc->vmsize   = (uint32_t)vmSize;
+            sc->filesize = fileSize;
+            stop = true;
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 ) {
+            segment_command_64* sc = (segment_command_64*)cmd;
+            sc->vmsize   = vmSize;
+            sc->filesize = fileSize;
+            stop = true;
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+
+void Header::setRelocatableSectionInfo(uint32_t sectionIndex, const char* segName, const char* sectName,
+                                       uint32_t flags, uint64_t address, uint64_t size, uint32_t fileOffset,
+                                       uint16_t alignment, uint32_t relocsOffset, uint32_t relocsCount)
+{
+    __block struct section*    section32 = nullptr;
+    __block struct section_64* section64 = nullptr;
+    forEachLoadCommandSafe(^(const load_command* cmd, bool& stop) {
+        if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT ) {
+            struct section* sections = (struct section*)((uint8_t*)cmd + sizeof(segment_command));
+            section32 = &sections[sectionIndex];
+            stop = true;
+        }
+        else if ( cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 ) {
+            struct section_64* sections = (struct section_64*)((uint8_t*)cmd + sizeof(segment_command_64));
+            section64 = &sections[sectionIndex];
+            stop = true;
+        }
+    });
+    if ( section64 != nullptr ) {
+        strncpy(section64->segname,  segName, 16);
+        strncpy(section64->sectname, sectName, 16);
+        section64->addr      = address;
+        section64->size      = size;
+        section64->offset    = fileOffset;
+        section64->align     = alignment;
+        section64->reloff    = relocsOffset;
+        section64->nreloc    = relocsCount;
+        section64->flags     = flags;
+        section64->reserved1 = 0;
+        section64->reserved2 = 0;
+        section64->reserved3 = 0;
+    }
+    else if ( section32 != nullptr ) {
+        strncpy(section32->segname,  segName, 16);
+        strncpy(section32->sectname, sectName, 16);
+        section32->addr      = (uint32_t)address;
+        section32->size      = (uint32_t)size;
+        section32->offset    = fileOffset;
+        section32->align     = alignment;
+        section32->reloff    = relocsOffset;
+        section32->nreloc    = relocsCount;
+        section32->flags     = flags;
+        section32->reserved1 = 0;
+        section32->reserved2 = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif // BUILDING_MACHO_WRITER
+
+
+} // namespace dyld3