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-.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
-.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
-.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
-.\" on Information Processing Systems.
-.\"
-.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-.\" are met:
-.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.\"     @(#)fopen.3	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
-.\"
-.Dd September 1, 2023
-.Dt FOPEN 3
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm fopen ,
-.Nm fdopen ,
-.Nm freopen ,
-.Nm fmemopen
-.Nd stream open functions
-.Sh LIBRARY
-.Lb libc
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.In stdio.h
-.Ft FILE *
-.Fn fopen "const char * restrict path" "const char * restrict mode"
-.Ft FILE *
-.Fn fdopen "int fildes" "const char *mode"
-.Ft FILE *
-.Fn freopen "const char *path" "const char *mode" "FILE *stream"
-.Ft FILE *
-.Fn fmemopen "void * restrict buf" "size_t size" "const char * restrict mode"
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The
-.Fn fopen
-function
-opens the file whose name is the string pointed to by
-.Fa path
-and associates a stream with it.
-.Pp
-The argument
-.Fa mode
-points to a string beginning with one of the following letters:
-.Bl -tag -width indent
-.It Dq Li r
-Open for reading.
-The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
-Fail if the file does not exist.
-.It Dq Li w
-Open for writing.
-The stream is positioned at the beginning of the file.
-Truncate the file to zero length if it exists or create the file if it does not exist.
-.It Dq Li a
-Open for writing.
-The stream is positioned at the end of the file.
-Subsequent writes to the file will always end up at the then current
-end of file, irrespective of any intervening
-.Xr fseek 3
-or similar.
-Create the file if it does not exist.
-.El
-.Pp
-An optional
-.Dq Li +
-following
-.Dq Li r ,
-.Dq Li w ,
-or
-.Dq Li a
-opens the file for both reading and writing.
-An optional
-.Dq Li x
-following
-.Dq Li w
-or
-.Dq Li w+
-causes the
-.Fn fopen
-call to fail if the file already exists.
-An optional
-.Dq Li e
-following the above
-causes the
-.Fn fopen
-call to set the
-.Dv FD_CLOEXEC
-flag on the underlying file descriptor.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fa mode
-string can also include the letter
-.Dq Li b
-after either the
-.Dq Li +
-or the first letter.
-This is strictly for compatibility with
-.St -isoC
-and has effect only for
-.Fn fmemopen ;
-otherwise
-.Dq Li b
-is ignored.
-.Pp
-Any created files will have mode
-.Do Dv S_IRUSR
-\&|
-.Dv S_IWUSR
-\&|
-.Dv S_IRGRP
-\&|
-.Dv S_IWGRP
-\&|
-.Dv S_IROTH
-\&|
-.Dv S_IWOTH Dc
-.Pq Li 0666 ,
-as modified by the process'
-umask value (see
-.Xr umask 2 ) .
-.Pp
-Reads and writes may be intermixed on read/write streams in any order,
-and do not require an intermediate seek as in previous versions of
-.Em stdio .
-This is not portable to other systems, however;
-.St -isoC
-and
-.St -p1003.1
-both require that
-a file positioning function intervene between output and input, unless
-an input operation encounters end-of-file.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn fdopen
-function associates a stream with the existing file descriptor,
-.Fa fildes .
-The mode
-of the stream must be compatible with the mode of the file descriptor.
-The
-.Dq Li x
-mode option is ignored.
-If the
-.Dq Li e
-mode option is present, the
-.Dv FD_CLOEXEC
-flag is set, otherwise it remains unchanged.
-When the stream is closed via
-.Xr fclose 3 ,
-.Fa fildes
-is closed also.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn freopen
-function
-opens the file whose name is the string pointed to by
-.Fa path
-and associates the stream pointed to by
-.Fa stream
-with it.
-The original stream (if it exists) is closed.
-The
-.Fa mode
-argument is used just as in the
-.Fn fopen
-function.
-.Pp
-If the
-.Fa path
-argument is
-.Dv NULL ,
-.Fn freopen
-attempts to re-open the file associated with
-.Fa stream
-with a new mode.
-The new mode must be compatible with the mode that the stream was originally
-opened with:
-Streams open for reading can only be re-opened for reading,
-streams open for writing can only be re-opened for writing,
-and streams open for reading and writing can be re-opened in any mode.
-The
-.Dq Li x
-mode option is not meaningful in this context.
-.Pp
-The primary use of the
-.Fn freopen
-function
-is to change the file associated with a
-standard text stream
-.Dv ( stderr , stdin ,
-or
-.Dv stdout ) .
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn fmemopen
-function
-associates the buffer given by the
-.Fa buf
-and
-.Fa size
-arguments with a stream.
-The
-.Fa buf
-argument is either a null pointer or point to a buffer that
-is at least
-.Fa size
-bytes long.
-If a null pointer is specified as the
-.Fa buf
-argument,
-.Fn fmemopen
-allocates
-.Fa size
-bytes of memory.
-This buffer is automatically freed when the stream is closed.
-If a non-null pointer is specified, the caller retains ownership of
-the buffer and is responsible for disposing of it after the stream has been
-closed.
-Buffers can be opened in text-mode (default) or binary-mode
-(if
-.Dq Li b
-is present in the second or third position of the
-.Fa mode
-argument).
-Buffers opened in text-mode make sure that writes are terminated with a
-.Dv NULL
-byte, if the last write hasn't filled up the whole buffer.
-Buffers opened in binary-mode never append a
-.Dv NULL
-byte.
-.Pp
-Input and output against the opened stream will be fully buffered, unless
-it refers to an interactive terminal device, or a different kind of buffering
-is specified in the environment.
-See
-.Xr setvbuf 3
-for additional details.
-.Sh RETURN VALUES
-Upon successful completion
-.Fn fopen ,
-.Fn fdopen ,
-.Fn freopen
-and
-.Fn fmemopen
-return a
-.Tn FILE
-pointer.
-Otherwise,
-.Dv NULL
-is returned and the global variable
-.Va errno
-is set to indicate the error.
-.Sh ERRORS
-.Bl -tag -width Er
-.It Bq Er EINVAL
-The
-.Fa mode
-argument
-to
-.Fn fopen ,
-.Fn fdopen ,
-.Fn freopen ,
-or
-.Fn fmemopen
-was invalid.
-.El
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn fopen ,
-.Fn fdopen ,
-.Fn freopen
-and
-.Fn fmemopen
-functions
-may also fail and set
-.Va errno
-for any of the errors specified for the routine
-.Xr malloc 3 .
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn fopen
-function
-may also fail and set
-.Va errno
-for any of the errors specified for the routine
-.Xr open 2 .
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn fdopen
-function
-may also fail and set
-.Va errno
-for any of the errors specified for the routine
-.Xr fcntl 2 .
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn freopen
-function
-may also fail and set
-.Va errno
-for any of the errors specified for the routines
-.Xr open 2 ,
-.Xr fclose 3
-and
-.Xr fflush 3 .
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn fmemopen
-function
-may also fail and set
-.Va errno
-if the
-.Fa size
-argument is 0.
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr open 2 ,
-.Xr fclose 3 ,
-.Xr fileno 3 ,
-.Xr fseek 3 ,
-.Xr funopen 3
-.Sh STANDARDS
-The
-.Fn fopen
-and
-.Fn freopen
-functions
-conform to
-.St -isoC ,
-with the exception of the
-.Dq Li x
-mode option which conforms to
-.St -isoC-2011 .
-The
-.Fn fdopen
-function
-conforms to
-.St -p1003.1-88 .
-The
-.Dq Li e
-mode option does not conform to any standard
-but is also supported by glibc.
-The
-.Fn fmemopen
-function
-conforms to
-.St -p1003.1-2008 .
-The
-.Dq Li b
-mode does not conform to any standard
-but is also supported by glibc.
-.Sh HISTORY
-An
-.Fn fopen
-function appeared in
-.At v1 .