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-.\"	$NetBSD: vis.3,v 1.49 2017/08/05 20:22:29 wiz Exp $
-.\"	$FreeBSD$
-.\"
-.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1991, 1993
-.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-.\" are met:
-.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.\"     @(#)vis.3	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/9/93
-.\"
-.Dd April 22, 2017
-.Dt VIS 3
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm vis ,
-.Nm nvis ,
-.Nm strvis ,
-.Nm stravis ,
-.Nm strnvis ,
-.Nm strvisx ,
-.Nm strnvisx ,
-.Nm strenvisx ,
-.Nm svis ,
-.Nm snvis ,
-.Nm strsvis ,
-.Nm strsnvis ,
-.Nm strsvisx ,
-.Nm strsnvisx ,
-.Nm strsenvisx
-.Nd visually encode characters
-.Sh LIBRARY
-.Lb libc
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.In vis.h
-.Ft char *
-.Fn vis "char *dst" "int c" "int flag" "int nextc"
-.Ft char *
-.Fn nvis "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "int c" "int flag" "int nextc"
-.Ft int
-.Fn strvis "char *dst" "const char *src" "int flag"
-.Ft int
-.Fn stravis "char **dst" "const char *src" "int flag"
-.Ft int
-.Fn strnvis "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "int flag"
-.Ft int
-.Fn strvisx "char *dst" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag"
-.Ft int
-.Fn strnvisx "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag"
-.Ft int
-.Fn strenvisx "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag" "int *cerr_ptr"
-.Ft char *
-.Fn svis "char *dst" "int c" "int flag" "int nextc" "const char *extra"
-.Ft char *
-.Fn snvis "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "int c" "int flag" "int nextc" "const char *extra"
-.Ft int
-.Fn strsvis "char *dst" "const char *src" "int flag" "const char *extra"
-.Ft int
-.Fn strsnvis "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "int flag" "const char *extra"
-.Ft int
-.Fn strsvisx "char *dst" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag" "const char *extra"
-.Ft int
-.Fn strsnvisx "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag" "const char *extra"
-.Ft int
-.Fn strsenvisx "char *dst" "size_t dlen" "const char *src" "size_t len" "int flag" "const char *extra" "int *cerr_ptr"
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The
-.Fn vis
-function
-copies into
-.Fa dst
-a string which represents the character
-.Fa c .
-If
-.Fa c
-needs no encoding, it is copied in unaltered.
-The string is null terminated, and a pointer to the end of the string is
-returned.
-The maximum length of any encoding is four
-bytes (not including the trailing
-.Dv NUL ) ;
-thus, when
-encoding a set of characters into a buffer, the size of the buffer should
-be four times the number of bytes encoded, plus one for the trailing
-.Dv NUL .
-The flag parameter is used for altering the default range of
-characters considered for encoding and for altering the visual
-representation.
-The additional character,
-.Fa nextc ,
-is only used when selecting the
-.Dv VIS_CSTYLE
-encoding format (explained below).
-.Pp
-The
-.Fn strvis ,
-.Fn stravis ,
-.Fn strnvis ,
-.Fn strvisx ,
-and
-.Fn strnvisx
-functions copy into
-.Fa dst
-a visual representation of
-the string
-.Fa src .
-The
-.Fn strvis
-and
-.Fn strnvis
-functions encode characters from
-.Fa src
-up to the
-first
-.Dv NUL .
-The
-.Fn strvisx
-and
-.Fn strnvisx
-functions encode exactly
-.Fa len
-characters from
-.Fa src
-(this
-is useful for encoding a block of data that may contain
-.Dv NUL Ns 's ) .
-Both forms
-.Dv NUL
-terminate
-.Fa dst .
-The size of
-.Fa dst
-must be four times the number
-of bytes encoded from
-.Fa src
-(plus one for the
-.Dv NUL ) .
-Both
-forms return the number of characters in
-.Fa dst
-(not including the trailing
-.Dv NUL ) .
-The
-.Fn stravis
-function allocates space dynamically to hold the string.
-The
-.Dq Nm n
-versions of the functions also take an additional argument
-.Fa dlen
-that indicates the length of the
-.Fa dst
-buffer.
-If
-.Fa dlen
-is not large enough to fit the converted string then the
-.Fn strnvis
-and
-.Fn strnvisx
-functions return \-1 and set
-.Va errno
-to
-.Dv ENOSPC .
-The
-.Fn strenvisx
-function takes an additional argument,
-.Fa cerr_ptr ,
-that is used to pass in and out a multibyte conversion error flag.
-This is useful when processing single characters at a time when
-it is possible that the locale may be set to something other
-than the locale of the characters in the input data.
-.Pp
-The functions
-.Fn svis ,
-.Fn snvis ,
-.Fn strsvis ,
-.Fn strsnvis ,
-.Fn strsvisx ,
-.Fn strsnvisx ,
-and
-.Fn strsenvisx
-correspond to
-.Fn vis ,
-.Fn nvis ,
-.Fn strvis ,
-.Fn strnvis ,
-.Fn strvisx ,
-.Fn strnvisx ,
-and
-.Fn strenvisx
-but have an additional argument
-.Fa extra ,
-pointing to a
-.Dv NUL
-terminated list of characters.
-These characters will be copied encoded or backslash-escaped into
-.Fa dst .
-These functions are useful e.g. to remove the special meaning
-of certain characters to shells.
-.Pp
-The encoding is a unique, invertible representation composed entirely of
-graphic characters; it can be decoded back into the original form using
-the
-.Xr unvis 3 ,
-.Xr strunvis 3
-or
-.Xr strnunvis 3
-functions.
-.Pp
-There are two parameters that can be controlled: the range of
-characters that are encoded (applies only to
-.Fn vis ,
-.Fn nvis ,
-.Fn strvis ,
-.Fn strnvis ,
-.Fn strvisx ,
-and
-.Fn strnvisx ) ,
-and the type of representation used.
-By default, all non-graphic characters,
-except space, tab, and newline are encoded (see
-.Xr isgraph 3 ) .
-The following flags
-alter this:
-.Bl -tag -width VIS_WHITEX
-.It Dv VIS_DQ
-Also encode double quotes
-.It Dv VIS_GLOB
-Also encode the magic characters
-.Ql ( * ,
-.Ql \&? ,
-.Ql \&[ ,
-and
-.Ql # )
-recognized by
-.Xr glob 3 .
-.It Dv VIS_SHELL
-Also encode the meta characters used by shells (in addition to the glob
-characters):
-.Ql ( ' ,
-.Ql ` ,
-.Ql \&" ,
-.Ql \&; ,
-.Ql & ,
-.Ql < ,
-.Ql > ,
-.Ql \&( ,
-.Ql \&) ,
-.Ql \&| ,
-.Ql \&] ,
-.Ql \e ,
-.Ql $ ,
-.Ql \&! ,
-.Ql \&^ ,
-and
-.Ql ~ ) .
-.It Dv VIS_SP
-Also encode space.
-.It Dv VIS_TAB
-Also encode tab.
-.It Dv VIS_NL
-Also encode newline.
-.It Dv VIS_WHITE
-Synonym for
-.Dv VIS_SP | VIS_TAB | VIS_NL .
-.It Dv VIS_META
-Synonym for
-.Dv VIS_WHITE | VIS_GLOB | VIS_SHELL .
-.It Dv VIS_SAFE
-Only encode
-.Dq unsafe
-characters.
-Unsafe means control characters which may cause common terminals to perform
-unexpected functions.
-Currently this form allows space, tab, newline, backspace, bell, and
-return \(em in addition to all graphic characters \(em unencoded.
-.El
-.Pp
-(The above flags have no effect for
-.Fn svis ,
-.Fn snvis ,
-.Fn strsvis ,
-.Fn strsnvis ,
-.Fn strsvisx ,
-and
-.Fn strsnvisx .
-When using these functions, place all graphic characters to be
-encoded in an array pointed to by
-.Fa extra .
-In general, the backslash character should be included in this array, see the
-warning on the use of the
-.Dv VIS_NOSLASH
-flag below).
-.Pp
-There are six forms of encoding.
-All forms use the backslash character
-.Ql \e
-to introduce a special
-sequence; two backslashes are used to represent a real backslash,
-except
-.Dv VIS_HTTPSTYLE
-that uses
-.Ql % ,
-or
-.Dv VIS_MIMESTYLE
-that uses
-.Ql = .
-These are the visual formats:
-.Bl -tag -width VIS_CSTYLE
-.It (default)
-Use an
-.Ql M
-to represent meta characters (characters with the 8th
-bit set), and use caret
-.Ql ^
-to represent control characters (see
-.Xr iscntrl 3 ) .
-The following formats are used:
-.Bl -tag -width xxxxx
-.It Dv \e^C
-Represents the control character
-.Ql C .
-Spans characters
-.Ql \e000
-through
-.Ql \e037 ,
-and
-.Ql \e177
-(as
-.Ql \e^? ) .
-.It Dv \eM-C
-Represents character
-.Ql C
-with the 8th bit set.
-Spans characters
-.Ql \e241
-through
-.Ql \e376 .
-.It Dv \eM^C
-Represents control character
-.Ql C
-with the 8th bit set.
-Spans characters
-.Ql \e200
-through
-.Ql \e237 ,
-and
-.Ql \e377
-(as
-.Ql \eM^? ) .
-.It Dv \e040
-Represents
-.Tn ASCII
-space.
-.It Dv \e240
-Represents Meta-space.
-.El
-.It Dv VIS_CSTYLE
-Use C-style backslash sequences to represent standard non-printable
-characters.
-The following sequences are used to represent the indicated characters:
-.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
-.Li \ea Tn  \(em BEL No (007)
-.Li \eb Tn  \(em BS No (010)
-.Li \ef Tn  \(em NP No (014)
-.Li \en Tn  \(em NL No (012)
-.Li \er Tn  \(em CR No (015)
-.Li \es Tn  \(em SP No (040)
-.Li \et Tn  \(em HT No (011)
-.Li \ev Tn  \(em VT No (013)
-.Li \e0 Tn  \(em NUL No (000)
-.Ed
-.Pp
-When using this format, the
-.Fa nextc
-parameter is looked at to determine if a
-.Dv NUL
-character can be encoded as
-.Ql \e0
-instead of
-.Ql \e000 .
-If
-.Fa nextc
-is an octal digit, the latter representation is used to
-avoid ambiguity.
-.Pp
-Non-printable characters without C-style
-backslash sequences use the default representation.
-.It Dv VIS_OCTAL
-Use a three digit octal sequence.
-The form is
-.Ql \eddd
-where
-.Em d
-represents an octal digit.
-.It Dv VIS_CSTYLE \&| Dv VIS_OCTAL
-Same as
-.Dv VIS_CSTYLE
-except that non-printable characters without C-style
-backslash sequences use a three digit octal sequence.
-.It Dv VIS_HTTPSTYLE
-Use URI encoding as described in RFC 1738.
-The form is
-.Ql %xx
-where
-.Em x
-represents a lower case hexadecimal digit.
-.It Dv VIS_MIMESTYLE
-Use MIME Quoted-Printable encoding as described in RFC 2045, only don't
-break lines and don't handle CRLF.
-The form is
-.Ql =XX
-where
-.Em X
-represents an upper case hexadecimal digit.
-.El
-.Pp
-There is one additional flag,
-.Dv VIS_NOSLASH ,
-which inhibits the
-doubling of backslashes and the backslash before the default
-format (that is, control characters are represented by
-.Ql ^C
-and
-meta characters as
-.Ql M-C ) .
-With this flag set, the encoding is
-ambiguous and non-invertible.
-.Sh MULTIBYTE CHARACTER SUPPORT
-These functions support multibyte character input.
-The encoding conversion is influenced by the setting of the
-.Ev LC_CTYPE
-environment variable which defines the set of characters
-that can be copied without encoding.
-.Pp
-If
-.Dv VIS_NOLOCALE
-is set, processing is done assuming the C locale and overriding
-any other environment settings.
-.Pp
-When 8-bit data is present in the input,
-.Ev LC_CTYPE
-must be set to the correct locale or to the C locale.
-If the locales of the data and the conversion are mismatched,
-multibyte character recognition may fail and encoding will be performed
-byte-by-byte instead.
-.Pp
-As noted above,
-.Fa dst
-must be four times the number of bytes processed from
-.Fa src .
-But note that each multibyte character can be up to
-.Dv MB_LEN_MAX
-bytes
-.\" (see
-.\" .Xr multibyte 3 )
-so in terms of multibyte characters,
-.Fa dst
-must be four times
-.Dv MB_LEN_MAX
-times the number of characters processed from
-.Fa src .
-.Sh ENVIRONMENT
-.Bl -tag -width ".Ev LC_CTYPE"
-.It Ev LC_CTYPE
-Specify the locale of the input data.
-Set to C if the input data locale is unknown.
-.El
-.Sh ERRORS
-The functions
-.Fn nvis
-and
-.Fn snvis
-will return
-.Dv NULL
-and the functions
-.Fn strnvis ,
-.Fn strnvisx ,
-.Fn strsnvis ,
-and
-.Fn strsnvisx ,
-will return \-1 when the
-.Fa dlen
-destination buffer size is not enough to perform the conversion while
-setting
-.Va errno
-to:
-.Bl -tag -width ".Bq Er ENOSPC"
-.It Bq Er ENOSPC
-The destination buffer size is not large enough to perform the conversion.
-.El
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr unvis 1 ,
-.Xr vis 1 ,
-.Xr glob 3 ,
-.\" .Xr multibyte 3 ,
-.Xr unvis 3
-.Rs
-.%A T. Berners-Lee
-.%T Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
-.%O "RFC 1738"
-.Re
-.Rs
-.%T "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies"
-.%O "RFC 2045"
-.Re
-.Sh HISTORY
-The
-.Fn vis ,
-.Fn strvis ,
-and
-.Fn strvisx
-functions first appeared in
-.Bx 4.4 .
-The
-.Fn svis ,
-.Fn strsvis ,
-.Fn strsvisx
-.Fn nvis ,
-.Fn strnvis ,
-.Fn strnvisx ,
-.Fn snvis ,
-.Fn strsnvis
-and
-.Fn strsnvisx
-functions as well as multibyte character support were added in OS X 10.12.