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-.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Martin Birgmeier
-.\" All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" You may redistribute unmodified or modified versions of this source
-.\" code provided that the above copyright notice and this and the
-.\" following conditions are retained.
-.\"
-.\" This software is provided ``as is'', and comes with no warranties
-.\" of any kind. I shall in no event be liable for anything that happens
-.\" to anyone/anything when using this software.
-.\"
-.\"     @(#)rand48.3 V1.0 MB 8 Oct 1993
-.\" $FreeBSD: src/lib/libc/gen/rand48.3,v 1.13 2001/10/01 16:08:51 ru Exp $
-.\"
-.Dd October 8, 1993
-.Dt RAND48 3
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm drand48 ,
-.Nm erand48 ,
-.Nm lrand48 ,
-.Nm nrand48 ,
-.Nm mrand48 ,
-.Nm jrand48 ,
-.Nm srand48 ,
-.Nm seed48 ,
-.Nm lcong48
-.Nd pseudo random number generators and initialization routines
-.Sh LIBRARY
-.Lb libc
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.In stdlib.h
-.Ft double
-.Fn drand48 void
-.Ft double
-.Fn erand48 "unsigned short xseed[3]"
-.Ft long
-.Fn lrand48 void
-.Ft long
-.Fn nrand48 "unsigned short xseed[3]"
-.Ft long
-.Fn mrand48 void
-.Ft long
-.Fn jrand48 "unsigned short xseed[3]"
-.Ft void
-.Fn srand48 "long seed"
-.Ft "unsigned short *"
-.Fn seed48 "unsigned short xseed[3]"
-.Ft void
-.Fn lcong48 "unsigned short p[7]"
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-The
-.Fn rand48
-family of functions generates pseudo-random numbers using a linear
-congruential algorithm working on integers 48 bits in size.
-The
-particular formula employed is
-r(n+1) = (a * r(n) + c) mod m
-where the default values are
-for the multiplicand a = 0xfdeece66d = 25214903917 and
-the addend c = 0xb = 11.
-The modulo is always fixed at m = 2 ** 48.
-r(n) is called the seed of the random number generator.
-.Pp
-For all the six generator routines described next, the first
-computational step is to perform a single iteration of the algorithm.
-.Pp
-.Fn drand48
-and
-.Fn erand48
-return values of type double.
-The full 48 bits of r(n+1) are
-loaded into the mantissa of the returned value, with the exponent set
-such that the values produced lie in the interval [0.0, 1.0).
-.Pp
-.Fn lrand48
-and
-.Fn nrand48
-return values of type long in the range
-[0, 2**31-1]. The high-order (31) bits of
-r(n+1) are loaded into the lower bits of the returned value, with
-the topmost (sign) bit set to zero.
-.Pp
-.Fn mrand48
-and
-.Fn jrand48
-return values of type long in the range
-[-2**31, 2**31-1]. The high-order (32) bits of
-r(n+1) are loaded into the returned value.
-.Pp
-.Fn drand48 ,
-.Fn lrand48 ,
-and
-.Fn mrand48
-use an internal buffer to store r(n). For these functions
-the initial value of r(0) = 0x1234abcd330e = 20017429951246.
-.Pp
-On the other hand,
-.Fn erand48 ,
-.Fn nrand48 ,
-and
-.Fn jrand48
-use a user-supplied buffer to store the seed r(n),
-which consists of an array of 3 shorts, where the zeroth member
-holds the least significant bits.
-.Pp
-All functions share the same multiplicand and addend.
-.Pp
-.Fn srand48
-is used to initialize the internal buffer r(n) of
-.Fn drand48 ,
-.Fn lrand48 ,
-and
-.Fn mrand48
-such that the 32 bits of the seed value are copied into the upper 32 bits
-of r(n), with the lower 16 bits of r(n) arbitrarily being set to 0x330e.
-Additionally, the constant multiplicand and addend of the algorithm are
-reset to the default values given above.
-.Pp
-.Fn seed48
-also initializes the internal buffer r(n) of
-.Fn drand48 ,
-.Fn lrand48 ,
-and
-.Fn mrand48 ,
-but here all 48 bits of the seed can be specified in an array of 3 shorts,
-where the zeroth member specifies the lowest bits.
-Again,
-the constant multiplicand and addend of the algorithm are
-reset to the default values given above.
-.Fn seed48
-returns a pointer to an array of 3 shorts which contains the old seed.
-This array is statically allocated, thus its contents are lost after
-each new call to
-.Fn seed48 .
-.Pp
-Finally,
-.Fn lcong48
-allows full control over the multiplicand and addend used in
-.Fn drand48 ,
-.Fn erand48 ,
-.Fn lrand48 ,
-.Fn nrand48 ,
-.Fn mrand48 ,
-and
-.Fn jrand48 ,
-and the seed used in
-.Fn drand48 ,
-.Fn lrand48 ,
-and
-.Fn mrand48 .
-An array of 7 shorts is passed as parameter; the first three shorts are
-used to initialize the seed; the second three are used to initialize the
-multiplicand; and the last short is used to initialize the addend.
-It is thus not possible to use values greater than 0xffff as the addend.
-.Pp
-Note that all three methods of seeding the random number generator
-always also set the multiplicand and addend for any of the six
-generator calls.
-.Pp
-For a more powerful random number generator, see
-.Xr random 3 .
-.Sh AUTHORS
-.An Martin Birgmeier
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr rand 3 ,
-.Xr random 3